p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No. 4 April 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1385

Analysis of The Application of The Life Cycle Cost Method of

Green Retrofit of Mosque Building Based on Gbci and Edge

Benchmarks to Improve Investment Performance

Agnes Purba

, Yusuf Latief

Universitas Indonesia Depok, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

, [email protected]

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Keywords:

Green Retrofit; Life Cycle

Cost Analysis; Risk

Assessment; Investment

Feasibility; Sensitivity

Analysis.

This study conducts a comprehensive life cycle cost analysis

(LCC) of green retrofitting in mosque buildings, assessing

its financial feasibility and performance. The research

involves a risk assessment of three crucial stages: pre-,

construction, and post-construction. A Likert scale is

employed for the validation process based on responses from

51 experts involved in green building retrofit projects.

Results indicate that the highest risk occurs during

construction, impacting investment performance. Sensitivity

analysis reveals the potential longevity of investments, with

pre-construction risks affecting the Net Present Value

(NPV) in the 18th year and post-construction risks proving

feasible by the 17th year. The study introduces benchmarks

such as NPV, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost

Ratio (BCR), and Break Even Point (BEP) for investment

evaluation. The financial feasibility of green retrofit items,

including solar panels and energy-efficient utilities, is

confirmed with an NPV of IDR 140,797,698, IRR of

10.26%, and BCR of 2.21, with feasibility realized in the

17th year. Risk visualization through a Tornado Chart

emphasizes the significance of each risk stage on NPV

values. In conclusion, the study recommends broader case

studies involving multiple certified green mosques for more

accurate risk identification. This research provides valuable

insights for informed investment decisions in mosque

building green items, emphasizing the importance of risk

management for long-term sustainability.

Introduction

Green retrofit is an effort to convert an existing building into a green building where

one of the applications of the building is a building that applies energy and water

efficiency. New buildings still dominate the application of the green building concept in

the world. This is inversely proportional to the number of existing buildings that are more

than new buildings (Hidayah & Husin, 2022). Many studies have been related to applying

Agnes Purba, Yusuf Latief

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1386

the green building concept to new buildings, but not many have taken the object of

existing buildings. In fact, in developing countries, the number of new buildings is only

2% of the total existing buildings, and the remaining 98% are existing buildings

(Abdallah, 2023).

In previous studies, green retrofit research predominantly focused on buildings such

as schools, offices, housing, etc. However, there is currently no research examining the

application of green retrofits to mosque buildings as a case study object. The selected

mosque for this case study boasts an area of approximately 24,200 square meters,

complying with building requirements. This worship building is required to adhere to

green building standards. Notably, the mosque has been awarded a green certificate from

EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies) and is currently undergoing

assessment by the Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI)

A mosque has always been considered 'green' as it upholds the true meaning of

Islam. Meeting current requirements without compromising the ability of future

generations to fulfill their own environmental, social, and economic needs forms the

foundation of the 'green' or 'sustainable' concepts. This concept instills in us the idea that

every human being must maintain and manage, not only for ourselves but also for

everyone else—not just for the present but also for the future (Omar, Ilias, Teh, & Borhan,

2018).

The most significant energy consumption in mosque buildings occurs during their

operation and is primarily related to the energy and water usage in the various rooms. The

peak energy consumption is during prayer times and other activities such as lectures,

weddings, and events that demand prolonged energy and water use throughout the day

and even multiple days. This is particularly evident during daylight hours when hot

climatic conditions necessitate higher electrical energy usage, such as the operation of air

conditioning systems in the rooms. Therefore, a solution to reduce energy costs associated

with electricity and water bills in mosque buildings is implementing green retrofits (Huo,

Xue, & Jiao, 2023).

The concept of energy-efficient buildings is evolving in the face of global

sustainability challenges. Innovations in international challenges, such as using green

construction materials, energy sources, energy-efficient storage, and green technology,

have been instrumental (Moletsane, Motlhamme, Malekian, & Bogatmoska, 2018). A

bright mosque aims to use less energy and water while providing the highest possible

degree of comfort, silence, and ambiance for worship. This involves controlling the

temperature, lighting, and air quality at different times of the day.

For the application of energy savings in the mosque building, which is the object of

the case study, 504 PV solar panels and 588 ablution taps, flush toilets, and other toilet

equipment with green features are utilized. The consideration for existing renewable

energy primarily focuses on photovoltaic (PV) systems. For example, Liu et al. [14] used

a solar PV system to achieve energy savings, resulting in zero carbon emissions in

buildings, albeit with high investment costs. Similarly, Salameh et al. employed a PV

Analysis of The Application of The Life Cycle Cost Method of Green Retrofit of Mosque

Building Based on Gbci and Edge Benchmarks to Improve Investment Performance

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1387

system for energy-saving transformations in buildings, reducing energy consumption by

27.69%.

In addition, based on previous research on other buildings, such as the CIMB

NIAGA building in Jakarta, which already holds a green platinum certification from

BCAI Singapore, there is an energy conservation efficiency of 10% and a water

conservation efficiency of 10% for green retrofit buildings (Purnomo & Tenriajeng,

2022).

Life cycle costing is technically based on the principles of engineering economics,

and it considers the time value of money at each stage of the life cycle to calculate costs

and benefits. The calculations take into account various cost aspects, including initial

investment costs (initial costs for both design and installation), energy costs (electricity

and water costs), and operation and maintenance costs (Dwaikat & Ali, 2014).

Several cost components are used to conduct a life cycle cost (LCC) analysis to

compare different retrofit strategies that address relevant costs. These costs include

construction site preparation and preliminary works, construction (retrofit), maintenance,

repair, replacement, and operational energy costs. The overall life cycle cost breakdown

consists of dismantling original parts, developing each retrofit strategy, replacing material

for maintenance, and using operational energy (Rodrigues & Freire, 2017).

Based on (Kamaralo, Alhilman, & Atmaji, 2020), the journal Life Cycle Cost is

classified into several parts, including Sustaining and Acquisition costs. Sustaining costs

are annual energy or operational costs, maintenance, and replacement costs. Acquisition

Cost is the sum of initial yearly costs, including construction costs, initial costs of green

building features, and administrative costs.

This study examines how a cost-benefit analysis could be used to evaluate

sustainability, with a particular emphasis on the economic aspect of sustainability and the

use of LCC as a tool (Tushar et al., 2022). Results of cost simulations generated from the

LCC process include investment performance indicators such as Net Present Value

(NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate Of Return (IRR), and break-even point

(BEP), along with additional indicators for starry designs (Huo et al., 2023).

A project risk index system for the retrofit project in the Old Housing Area (ORA)

was constructed throughout the project life cycle. Participants' opinions on possible risk

factors and the degree of impact on the project were collected through a questionnaire

survey. Based on C-OWA and grey cluster analysis, a risk assessment model was

developed to evaluate risks, and risk management and control were proposed based on

different risk levels. Risks involve decision-making, design, construction, operation, and

maintenance stages (Lee, Mohamed, Masrom, Abas, & Wee, 2020).

The risks throughout the project cycle will affect the overall value of the entire

project. According to (Wen, Lau, Leng, & Liu, 2023), risk is a factor causing unexpected

conditions that can cause loss, damage, or loss. Therefore, based on previous research, an

evaluation of the risks avoided in the green retrofit of buildings in the preliminary study

on energy efficiency is conducted to overcome the risks of using green building items,

Agnes Purba, Yusuf Latief

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1388

considering the decision to apply green items to buildings (You, Wu, Yang, Liu, & Li,

2021).

Risk uncertainty simulation can be anticipated in several ways. According to

(Gierens et al., 2020), one is sensitivity analysis. The parameters that will make

significant changes to the analysis output and how much these parameters can change

will be known by sensitivity analysis. Risk uncertainty simulation can be anticipated in

several ways. According to (Gierens et al., 2020), one is sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity

analysis helps identify parameters that will make significant changes to the analysis

output and how much these parameters can change.

This research will discuss the influence of risks occurring in green retrofit work,

considering the value of the dominant risk factor on investment performance. It focuses

on a case study of mosque buildings implementing green items based on Indonesia's

GBCI and EDGE assessment benchmarks.

Research Methods

The method employed in this research aligns with the flow chart presented in Figure

1. Data collection involves archival analysis and case studies on mosque buildings that

have received green certification. Subsequently, the results of the archival analysis for

each research component will be scrutinized concerning the life cycle cost and the risks

associated with green retrofit work, which includes solar PV work and the implementation

of energy-efficient ablution faucets/flush toilets. This analysis uses questionnaire

instruments distributed to 5 experts and 51 respondents. These respondents primarily

consist of building construction workers from various agencies. The risk analysis process

is detailed in the flow chart below.

Analysis of The Application of The Life Cycle Cost Method of Green Retrofit of Mosque

Building Based on Gbci and Edge Benchmarks to Improve Investment Performance

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1389

Fig. 1 Flowchart of Research Methods

Results and Discussion

Life Cycle Cost

The initial cost components in the life cycle cost method for green retrofit work

encompass the pre-construction and construction costs of mosque buildings

implementing green retrofit features. These components specifically pertain to the green

building items in the mosque building chosen for this case study. The initial cost covers

all expenses from the pre-construction stage to installing the solar panel item, including

procurement and installation for energy conservation purposes.

As for procuring other green items in the work of toilets and ablutions, the initial

cost from the preconstruction stage to the construction includes a demolition cost item

from the previously existing conditions. The total value of the initial cost for the green

building item work on the energy conservation item is Rp 2,520,000,000,- and the price

for water conservation on the green building item of this mosque is Rp 911,403,354,-.

In the context of this mosque building, operating costs refer to the operational expenses

required to run and maintain the facility, including energy and water consumption costs.

Considering operational costs illustrates the savings realized after green retrofitting,

contributing to the overall cost-benefit analysis for the mosque building.

Using operational costs demonstrates the savings achieved through green

retrofitting, resulting in a cost-benefit for the mosque building. Specifically, the reference

for the solar panel item is based on the kWh/day production generated by the solar panel

for operational use. Data for this mosque building have been obtained through metering

connected to existing solar panels from the PLTS system, showing the kWh/day

production as indicated below.

Figure 2. Solar Panel Output/Day

(Source : Data Riayah Masjid, 2023)

Agnes Purba, Yusuf Latief

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1390

From that data, the contribution of solar panels to the mosque's operational activities

is IDR 462,309,779 per year, representing the benefit-cost of the green item in the energy

conservation of the mosque building.

For operational water use, the profit from the green item is determined by

comparing water consumption before and after the green retrofit, especially after

replacing ablution taps, flush toilets, and other facilities in the mosque building's Petersen

toilet and ablution area. Water efficiency is calculated based on the difference in cubic

meters of water usage before and after each year's green retrofit. The variation in water

usage is illustrated below.

Figure 3. Mosque Building Water Usage

(Source : Data Riayah Masjid, 2023)

The difference in water usage before and after the green retrofit in the mosque

building above results in an efficiency of Rp16,742,620 each year. The cost value

represents a benefit to the building for water conservation in the mosque.

Based on the data above, the savings generated from operational costs contribute to the

total cost benefit of energy and water conservation in mosque buildings—consequently,

the overall cost-benefit results from the use of green.

Maintenance costs encompass all expenses associated with maintaining the green

items. The maintenance involves the cost of cleaning items and replacing green items in

the mosque building. Items replaced annually include those damaged or malfunctioning,

such as ablution taps, jet washers, etc. Regarding cleaning, the tools required for cleaning

green building items include brushing pads, rubber toilet brushes, and others. The total

annual maintenance cost for this building is Rp 32,531,000.- This value will be simulated

using the life cycle cost method, impacting investment performance

Green Retrofit Stage

Based on the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of

2021 concerning the Implementation Regulation of Law Number 28 of 2002 concerning

Building, there are three main stages in the construction process: Pre-Construction,

Construction, and Post-construction. The scope of activities in the stages of this research

is based on the validation of 5 experts. Of all the stages and activities carried out, 2 stages

did not impact the mosque's construction, namely the approval and the acquisition of the

land.

Analysis of The Application of The Life Cycle Cost Method of Green Retrofit of Mosque

Building Based on Gbci and Edge Benchmarks to Improve Investment Performance

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1391

The Pre-Construction Stage of the mosque building includes activities from the

preparation or feasibility study and the planning stage of the mosque building. In the

activity of green items for mosque buildings, the pre-construction stage work is carried

out from preparing needs, funding, auctioning, and design planning according to green

mosque building specifications and technical items to the auction process. These stages

will also integrate with the risks of work at the preconstruction stage, which will be

integrated with the weight achieved at the pre-construction stage in the case study,

accounting for 7.37% of the overall stage.

The construction phase of the mosque building encompasses all activities in

implementing the mosque building construction work, starting from financing,

demolition, and construction implementation to handling force majeure in mosque

buildings. Funding the implementation of green items involves purchasing items that have

been budgeted, implementing quality control of green items that meet existing technical

specifications, and installing and testing green items to ensure proper functionality. Force

majeure events, such as the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease causing delays in work on

case studies, are also considered. This is about the risk of construction phase work that

impacts the cost, with a weight of 82.73% achieved at this stage in the mosque's

construction.

The post-construction stage is the phase of construction work after the

implementation period. Activities in post-construction include operational activities and

building maintenance, such as the maintenance and cleaning of green items in the mosque

building. For cleaning and replacement work, there are risks associated with post-

construction activities, resulting in additional costs proportional to the weight of the work.

The weight of post-construction work is 10% of the overall work.

Green Retrofit Risk

Risk factors in the green retrofitting of mosque buildings are identified through

archival analysis, literature review, and expert validation. Subsequently, identifying these

risk factors represents the potential risks in green retrofit building work for buildings,

contributing to the overall risk costs. In the initial identification, 73 risk factors were

identified in green retrofit buildings that could impact the performance of green retrofit

investments. Experts then validated these risks to identify the most influential risks in

green retrofits. As a result, only 38 risk factors were found to be most influential in the

mosque building. It should be noted that the identified risks were appropriately addressed

in the actual case study of the mosque building. However, this study conducted further

research to consider addressing the risks of future green retrofit work on mosque

buildings.

Validation was then carried out with 51 respondents involved in green building

retrofit projects to assess the significance of the 38 risk factors for green retrofitting

mosque buildings in frequency and impact. This assessment was conducted using a Likert

scale, as shown in the table below.

Agnes Purba, Yusuf Latief

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1392

Table 1

Likert scale of probability risk factor

Probability of Risk Factor Value

Almost certain

Likely

Moderate

Unlikely

Rare

Source: Project Management Institute (2017)

Table 2

Likert scale of probability risk factor

Degree of Influence Value

Very high

High

Avarage

Low

Very Low

Source: Project Management Institute (2017)

Based on the table above, the frequency scale uses five categories: one to five in

the order of rare, unlikely, moderate, likely, and almost inevitable. Meanwhile, the impact

scale also consists of five categories: one to five in the order of very low, low, average,

high, and very high.

From the validation carried out on 51 respondents, the risk level of each of the 38

factors was determined, resulting in the risk level at each stage, as shown in the table

below.

Table 3

Value of risk factors in mosque green building retrofits

Risk Factor Stage

Number of

Factors

Average

Value

Pra- Construction

0,44

Construction

0,42

Pasca Construction

0,40

Analysis of The Application of The Life Cycle Cost Method of Green Retrofit of Mosque

Building Based on Gbci and Edge Benchmarks to Improve Investment Performance

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1393

In the pre-construction stage, the risk factors consist of understanding the hazard

identification and scoping method, authenticity of the building approval document,

completeness of the certificate of fitness for use document, the approval process of the

certificate of fitness for use document, conformity of the building permit to the green

retrofit building, authenticity of the dismantling technical plan document, complexity of

project characteristics, design conformity (specifications and technical), consistency of

agency regulations compliance with technical standards of utilization, and conformity of

building technical standards.

In the construction phase, the risk factors consisted of inflation of material and labor

prices, accuracy of estimation and cost recovery, fluctuations in the import exchange rate

of green materials, fluctuations in the price of materials and labor, delays in contract

payments, difficulties in budgeting for green building projects, high cost of sustainable

materials and equipment, changes in design during construction, inaccuracies in quality

control, inaccuracies in the work process, changes in the scope of work, poor

communication with stakeholders, lack of green construction experience, insufficient

supporting manufacturers and suppliers, renovation construction affects the surrounding

environment, lack of green retrofit construction capability, unproven quality of green

products, lack of new products to meet green building requirements, delay in the delivery

of green building materials, disease outbreak, and changes in local government

regulations.

In the post-construction stage, the risk factors consist of inappropriate use of green

retrofit equipment and units by occupants, incomplete recording of green retrofit trial

operations, unstable green retrofit building performance, the building not having green

management experience, an increase in exchange rates (inflation), taxes, and changes in

local government regulations.

Analysing Life Risk Value Life Cycle Cost Analysis

After obtaining the risk value for each stage of work, the risk value is calculated

based on the weight of the work at each stage performed. The pattern of the relationship

between the magnitude of risk and the life cycle cost component is shown in the flowchart

in Figure 1, where the initial cost affects the risk value at the pre-construction and

construction stages. As a result, the value of the risk magnitude for the work is multiplied

by the initial cost of the mosque building green retrofit work. The amount of risk is

determined by multiplying the post-construction risk by the weight of post-construction

work, which is integrated with the cost components at the maintenance stage of the

mosque building green items. This results in the value of risk costs on green building

items at each stage, as shown in the table below.

Table 4

Amount of risk costs in mosque green building retrofits

Risk

Factor

Stage

Average

Value

Per

Cost

Risk Cost

Agnes Purba, Yusuf Latief

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1394

cen

tag

Pra-

Constru

ction

0,44

7,3

Rp3.431.403.

354

Rp111.273

.548

Constru

ction

0,42

82,

Rp3.431.403.

354

Rp1.192.2

95.998

Post-

Constru

ction

0,40

Rp32.531.00

Rp1.301.2

A risk rating classification range is produced based on the impact frequency matrix

on the Project Management Institute matrix (2017). Low risk falls within a scale of 0.01-

0.07, medium risk between 0.08-0.018, and high risk on a scale of 0.24 -0.72. So,

according to the data above, all the average stages of work have a high-risk rating.

Integrating the life-cycle cost components into the risk value of each phase, the risk value

is Rp111,273,548 in the pre-construction phase, Rp1,192,295,998 in the construction

phase, and Rp1,301,240 in the post-construction phase.

Investment Performance

This study has four performance evaluation benchmarks for investment centers:

NPV, IRR, BCR, and BEP. NPV is considered feasible if the results obtained are positive.

The IRR value is possible if the results exceed the discount rate value. The investment is

deemed feasible if the BCR value is more than 1 (one). The Break Even Point (BEP) is

the break-even point where the cost-benefit obtained is equivalent to the initial cost

incurred, making investing in the green item feasible.

In the life cycle simulation, financial assumptions are made based on the inflation

value from Bank Indonesia data averaged from 2022-2023 at 4%, with a discount rate

assumption of 10%. The results of the life cycle cost analysis of the green retrofit item

for the mosque building are presented in the table below.

Table 5

Life Cycle Cost Results

Aspects Investment

performance value

Initial Cost

Rp3.431.403.354

O/M Cost

Rp32.531.000

Benefit-Cost

Rp479.052.398

NPV

Rp140.797.698

IRR

10,26%

BCR

2,21

BEE

6,7 Years

Analysis of The Application of The Life Cycle Cost Method of Green Retrofit of Mosque

Building Based on Gbci and Edge Benchmarks to Improve Investment Performance

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1395

Based on the life cycle cost analysis of the green retrofit for the mosque building,

the financial feasibility of investment performance criteria occurs in the 17th year, based

on the 50-year building plan life period. In principle, applying green retrofits, including

using solar panels and replacing ablution faucet items and energy-efficient flush toilets,

is feasible for mosque buildings, considering the life cycle cost of the mosque building.

Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis on Life Cycle Cost (LCC) aims to evaluate how changes in

various parameters can affect the total cost over the life cycle of a system, product, or

project. The parameters that change in the analysis are based on the dominant risk value

at each stage, impacting the initial and operational maintenance costs of the mosque

building's green retrofit work. The influence of these values will affect the investment

value of the mosque building. The following is a simulation of the results of investment

feasibility if these risks occur in the green items of the mosque building.

Table 6

Simulation Results of Green Retrofit Risks of Mosque Buildings

Table 6 Simulation Results of Green Retrofit Risks

of Mosque Buildings

Risk

Stage

Risk

Cost

pac

NPV

BCR

Fea

sibi

lity

inv

est

nt -

Pra-

Cons

tructi

Rp111

.273.5

Rp29.52

4.150

9,7

2,14

Cons

tructi

Rp1.1

92.295

.998

Rp1.051

.498.300

5,6

1,64

>50

ars

Post-

Cons

tructi

Rp1.3

01.240

Rp139.5

70.113

10,

2,21

Based on the simulation results of risk sensitivity at each stage concerning

feasibility in the 17th year, the feasibility values are obtained if the risk at the pre-

construction stage occurs. The NPV value is IDR 29,524,150, IRR is 9.72%, and BCR is

2.14, experiencing investment feasibility in the 18th year. Meanwhile, if the risk at the

construction stage occurs, the NPV value is -Rp1,051,498,300, IRR is 5.61%, and BCR

is 1.64, experiencing investment feasibility beyond 50 years. If the risk at the post-

construction stage occurs, the last simulation results in an NPV value of Rp139,570,113,

an IRR of 10.25%, and a BCR of 2.21, experiencing fixed investment feasibility in year

17.

Agnes Purba, Yusuf Latief

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1396

Visualization of the sensitivity value of the risk to investment performance is

illustrated using the Tornado Chart. The figure below will show the significance of each

risk effect at each stage on the NPV value.

Figure 4

Risk Effect on NPV Value

In the NPV values obtained for each risk stage, the initial NPV value is significant

compared to the NPV after being affected by the risk of the green mosque building item.

Figure 5. Risk Effect on BCR Value

In the BCR values obtained for each risk stage, there is no significant difference

between the initial BCR value and the BCR value after being affected by the risk of the

green mosque building item. The significance of the BCR value is seen only in the

construction phase.

Analysis of The Application of The Life Cycle Cost Method of Green Retrofit of Mosque

Building Based on Gbci and Edge Benchmarks to Improve Investment Performance

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1397

Figure 6. Risk Effect on IRR Value

In the IRR values obtained for each risk stage, there is no significant difference

between the initial IRR value and the IRR value after being influenced by the risk in the

green mosque construction item. As with the BCR, the significance of the IRR value is

only seen in the construction phase.

Conclusion

The results of the LCC method for the mosque building show that, with an initial

cost of Rp. 3,431,403,354, and OM Cost of Rp. 32,531,000, the benefit-cost of Rp. Four

hundred seventy-nine million fifty-two thousand three hundred ninety-eight results in an

NPV of Rp. 140,797,698, with an IRR of 10.26%, BCR of 2.21, and BEP of 6.7 years,

feasible in the 17th year, classified as possible compared to the building's 50-year

lifespan. Based on the risk analysis of the life cycle cost, the most significant risk occurs

at the construction stage. Applying green items in the mosque building affects investment

performance if the risk occurs. According to the feasibility simulation, it will exceed 50

years, making applying this green retrofit item unfeasible. This is also evident in the risk

simulation results on the value of investment performance in the sensitivity analysis.

In the future, it is hoped that further research will not only focus on one mosque

object but will include multiple mosques certified green with more complex and

comprehensive green items. Additionally, a more detailed identification of the application

of the risk of green retrofitting of mosque buildings is needed for more accurate risk

validation. This information can be considered in investment decisions for mosque

building green items, and anticipation measures can be taken before facing green factors'

risks in mosque buildings.

Agnes Purba, Yusuf Latief

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April, 2024 1398

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