p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No. 1 January 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Doi: 10.59141/jist.v5i1.883 39

RUSUNAWA AS AN URBAN LIVING SPACE: SOCIOSPATIAL

PERSPECTIVE

Aprilia C. P. Putri

, Raphaella D. Dwianto

Universitas Indonesia Depok, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

, [email protected]

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Keywords: Rusunawa;

Sociospatial; Non-Physical;

Urban.

This research examines the factors influencing Low-Cost Rental Flats

(Rusunawa) residents settling in Jakarta for extended periods. Previous

studies have focused on the satisfaction levels of Rusunawa residents in

remaining permanent tenants to sustain their livelihoods. Such an

approach overlooks the issue that the development of Rusunawa has been

merely targeted towards the quantity of Rusunawa and the physical

completeness of the building, neglecting other non-physical factors that

encourage Rusunawa residents to settle in these flats. We argue that the

residents' comfort in residing in Rusunawa for prolonged durations is

influenced by non-physical factors (social, cultural, economic, and

political) that form a socio-spatial environment conducive for the flat

residents. Gottdiener's (2015) socio-spatial approach supports the idea

that signs and symbols of urban communities have become the identity

for various urban issues arising from industrialization. This study was

conducted in Rusunawa Sindang Koja, North Jakarta, and managed by

Perum Perumnas. It employed a mixed-method research approach with

data collection through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The

research findings indicate that non-physical factors such as social,

economic, and cultural play a crucial role in an individual's decision to

reside in Rusunawa, with the presence of family and social relationships

being the primary determinants.

Introduction

Housing is one of the central issues in urban development in various countries,

especially in densely populated urban contexts (Rozalinna & Anwar, 2021). One of the

challenges faced by the government and related parties is meeting housing needs for

people with low-income levels or who are affected by natural disasters, development, or

other events. The percentage of urban slum households (40% and below) according to the

Province, BPS noted that DKI Jakarta had the highest percentage of 42.73 percent in

2019. These slum households do not have access to adequate drinking water sources,

proper sanitation, a floor area of ≥ 7.2 m2 per capita, and proper roof, floor, and wall

conditions (Djadjuli, 2018). According to a report by the Ministry of Public Works and

Public Housing (PUPR) in June 2019, 118 out of 267 urban villages, or around 45 percent,

still have slums in DKI Jakarta (DKI Jakarta DPRD, 2019).

The government has been striving to provide solutions through a program to build

1000 towers for low-income people in Indonesian cities since 2006 (Ritohardoyo, 2015).

Until 2020, there were 28,766 runaway units spread across 27 locations in DKI Jakarta

(statistik. Jakarta.go.id, 2021). This is done due to land scarcity and high land prices in

Aprilia C. P. Putri, Raphaella D. Dwianto

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 40

urban areas, so the government, together with the National House Development Public

Company (Perum Perumnas), the Provincial Government, the community, and the private

sector, consider the concept of vertical housing as an effort for land efficiency which can

also have an impact on reducing the cost of living of the community (Directorate of

Housing Implementation Systems and Strategies of the Ministry of Public Works and

Public Housing, 2020).

Many countries, such as Rusunawa (Simple et al.), have launched temporary

housing programs to address this problem. Rusunawa is a temporary residential facility

for people who need a place to live for a certain period (Ogotan & Salangka, 2021). Perum

Perumnas is one of the SOEs that assists the government in organizing the Rusunawa

development program. Based on Article 12 PP No. 83 of 2015 concerning Perum

Perumnas, one of Perumnas' business activities is managing Rusunawa (Nadhirrachman,

2022). Therefore, Perumnas, through the Property Management Business Unit, manages

Rusunawa and buildings located in Perumnas' vertical house projects. Rusunawa

managed by Perumnas consists of Rusunawa managed alone or in collaboration with

other agencies. Until the end of 2021, Perumnas has managed Rusunawa in several

locations, namely Rusunawa Perumnas Tanjung Piayu Batam, as many as 561 units,

Rusunawa Perumnas DKI Sindang Koja North Jakarta, as many as 338 units, Rusunawa

Perumnas PU Pasar Friday South Jakarta as many as 110 units, Rusunawa Perumnas

Seruni Pulogebang East Jakarta as many as 220 units, runaway perumnas Dakota mayoral

central Jakarta as many as 685 units, and Rusunawa Perumnas Bumi Cengkareng Indah

West Jakarta as many as 1,822 units.

Looking at public housing programs in Singapore, program policies are designed to

promote integration, such as ethnic-based housing allocation systems that prevent ethnic

segregation and ensure healthy social interaction. The sustainability aspect of community

development is also essential. Singapore's public housing has become a sustainable

community development model through efficient planning, eco-friendly technology, and

the promotion of green lifestyles. In addition, social capital, as relationships, beliefs, and

norms that influence interactions between community members, has a vital role in

community development (Sukoco et al., 2020). It can affect social cohesion, social

support, and quality of life. Changes in housing types and residential environments can

also change patterns of social interaction and community structure.

(Utomo & Sudjiwanati, 2018), In her study in Rusunawa Sindang Koja, North

Jakarta, she found that the North Sulawesi community supports individuals experiencing

difficulties when they have just arrived in Jakarta and individuals who have not found

work and are also sick. Three types of social support are provided: emotional, cognitive,

and material (Saputro & Sugiarti, 2021). The North Sulawesi community has social

capital, namely values, beliefs, and social networks, as well as bonding and bridging

capital. This social capital is helpful for the development and survival of a community in

a multicultural social life in the community (Herry-Priyono, 2016).

Article 5 of DKI Jakarta Provincial Governor Regulation Number 111 of 2015

states that the lease agreement period is 2 (two) years and can be extended. However, an

Rusunawa As An Urban Living Space: Sociospatial Perspective

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 41

interesting phenomenon occurs where residents stay home in Rusunawa longer than

specified. This raises the question of why rusunawa residents feel at home in rusunawa

when it should only be a temporary residence (Histanto & Kusliansjah, 2018).

Conceptually, the condition of the flats themselves can be seen from Howard's

Sociospatial Perspective (1898) in his book entitled "Garden Cities of Tomorrow" (Arifin,

2021), which is a city concept that exists as a park in the conditions of the industrial

revolution in urban areas. Where Howard defines that the more exclusive society is, the

more settlements are closed. Furthermore, this is caused by poor urban conditions, such

as factory smoke and settlements in slum cities, thus worsening public health itself

(Arifin, 2021).

On the other hand, Aspariyana, 2020) states that sociospatial is a breakthrough from

the problems in the 1960s from urban conflict and industrialization in the global capitalist

system. The socio-spatial perspective considers many factors that can explain how cities

and regions develop, such as understanding the factors that drive people to move

somewhere. (Sulaiman, 2021) states that urban space includes community interactions

related to economic, political, social, and cultural aspects. In urban development, this

perspective emphasizes individual and group activities, such as forming partnerships to

influence the direction and impact of urban change. In addition, the role of property or

real estate in urban development is seen as the interaction between agents (individuals or

groups who make decisions) and structures (conditions or systems that already exist).

Furthermore, (Astuti, 2020) also believes that cities have symbols/signs that

describe the state of society itself. He judges this spatial society to be something important

in it. Cultural factors such as race, gender, and spatial symbolism are considered as

important as economic and political aspects. This perspective attempts to understand how

urban space's form and function can affect organized society's systems.

This problem is essential to investigate because residents living in Rusunawa have

complex implications in social and urban contexts. First, the comfort of residents living

in Rusunawa can affect the sustainability of the temporary housing program, where

Rusunawa units that should be allocated to people in need are limited. Second, this

phenomenon can affect social dynamics in the runaway environment, such as social

interaction, community formation, and feelings of attachment to the residence.

Research Methods

The approach used in this study is the mixing method. The data collection

techniques carried out in this study used questionnaires and in-depth interviews in 2023.

The respondents involved in this study were 30 respondents. The primary critical

informants in this study were runaway managers and representatives of runaway residents

from each building. The observation unit in this study is the activities of the runaway

resident community. The unit of analysis studied in this study is the factor of residents of

Rusunawa who feel at home in Rusunawa. Researchers chose the unit of analysis to be

studied because sociological aspects such as social, economic, cultural, and other aspects

need to be seen to determine the choice of long-term residence of residents in Rusun. The

Aprilia C. P. Putri, Raphaella D. Dwianto

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 42

limitation that occurs from this study is the relatively short data collection time in return.

The delimitation in this study is that the scope of Rusunawa focuses on Rusunawa

Sindang Koja.

Results and Discussion

Overview of Rusunawa Sindang Koja

Based on interview sources together with residents of Rusunawa, it was found that

Rusunawa Sindang Koja is one of the Rusunawa built and managed by Perum Perumnas

on land owned by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government in RW 09, Koja Village, Koja

District, North Jakarta Administration City. This runaway was built as a substitute for

housing for fire victims in the slum area of Koja, North Jakarta. Jakarta Bay borders Koja

Village itself to the north, Laksamana Yos Sudarso Toll Road to the west, Oil Port, Kali

Baru, Kramat Jaya Street, and Cakung River to the east, and Batik River to the south.

This area is considered strategic because it is near Tanjung Priok station, Sindang Market,

and Koja Hospital.

Rusunawa Sindang Koja consists of 3 building towers with six blocks, namely Pari

1, Pari 2, Snapper 1, Snapper 2, Bawal 1, and Bawal 2, totaling 338 units. Units built have

a variety of types and functions not only for residential purposes but also for business

purposes, management offices, electrical panel rooms, and prayer rooms. Rental rates are

also differentiated based on unit type, floor position, and occupant type (programmed fire

or non-programmed cases).

The manager or the local government provides public and social facilities. Public

facilities in Rusunawa Sindang Koja, such as stairs in each unit, roads in each unit, prayer

rooms, and motorbike parking. For social facilities, there are RPTRA and others.

Preferences for Moving to Rusunawa

The selection and resilience of individuals in choosing a place to live, especially in

Rusunawa, is not only based on the physical aspects of buildings or geographical location

alone. Instead, non-physical factors such as social, cultural, economic, and political

significantly shape a person's perception and comfort of a space.

The survey results found that the most chosen reason for moving to Rusunawa was

the provision of programs or subsidies because of the fire incident in RW 09 Sindang

Koja, North Jakarta, in 1996. This shows that political and economic factors influence it.

Government policies on assisting can influence a person's decision to settle in Rusunawa.

Another reason that is most often chosen is related to the togetherness of family or

relatives, which highlights social and cultural aspects. The settlement decision is driven

by the desire to be close to family or the presence of strong social ties with the community

in Rusunawa. It is also related to a sociospatial approach that emphasizes the importance

of social interaction and cultural relations in determining one's experience of a space.

Other reasons, such as preferring to contract in Rusunawa, business or economic

reasons, location, convenience, professional background, and education, appear less

frequently but still provide insight into the considerations that influence the decision to

move to Rusunawa.

Rusunawa As An Urban Living Space: Sociospatial Perspective

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 43

The Resilience of Residents Living in Rusunawa

Based on the survey conducted, it was noted that 83% of Rusunawa residents have

no desire to move shortly. This resilience can be interpreted as a living decision that is

not only based on the physical condition of the dwelling but also influenced by various

profound non-physical factors. One concrete proof of this resilience is the duration of the

occupants' stay. The majority, 26.67%, has spent a quarter of 24 years in Rusunawa. This

duration is not short and reflects the complex interaction between basic housing needs

and other aspects of daily life.

Figure 1 Percentage of Residents' Preferences in Having Plans to Buy or Rent a Home

Elsewhere shortly

Undeniably, economic factors are the dominant determinant in this decision. Data

shows 43.3% of respondents feel they have no other option than Rusunawa as their place

to live. Furthermore, 33.3% rated financial incapacity as a barrier to finding another place

to live, while 6.7% felt that the cost of housing outside Rusunawa was too burdensome.

This economic factor reflects the reality of many residents struggling financially.

Figure 2

Percentage of Top Reasons Residents Are Not Interested in Moving from Rusunawa

However, the importance of social factors in influencing settlement decisions can

be seen behind the dominance of economic factors. As many as 6.7% of respondents cited

the presence of family or relatives near Rusunawa as the reason they survived. It shows

how social bonds and the sustainability of family relationships influence deep and

sustainable settlement decisions.

Other factors such as suitability to the region, time constraints, and location

relevance also play a role, although the percentage is smaller. Given these data, we argue

that although social factors may not be dominant in percentage, they profoundly influence

Aprilia C. P. Putri, Raphaella D. Dwianto

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 44

settlement decisions. In the sociospatial context of Gottdiener (2015), where space is a

physical medium and a form of social, economic, and cultural relations, understanding

the interaction between economic and social factors becomes increasingly crucial. This

shows the need for support in creating sustainable housing with the complexity of

sociospatial relations. Thus, the housing created meets the physical needs and the

residents' expectations, needs, and social relations.

Family as a Factor in Moving to Rusunawa

Social involvement and attachment networks are essential in determining settlement

decisions, especially in Rusunawa.

Figure 3

Percentage of Residents With Acquaintances / Family / Relatives Living in Rusunawa

Sindang Koja.

As many as 70% of Rusunawa residents admit they have acquaintances, be it

family, relatives, or relatives who also live in Rusunawa. This shows that Rusunawa

functions not only as a place to live in a physical sense but also as a social space full of

interaction and family relationships.

Figure 4

Percentage of Acquaintances / Family / Relatives living in Rusunawa as a Reason for

Residents to Move to Rusunawa Sindang Koja

Another exciting thing from those who have acquaintances in Rusunawa is that

90.5% stated that the existence of these acquaintances was the main reason they chose to

move to Rusunawa. This shows how social factors, especially family relationships and

Rusunawa As An Urban Living Space: Sociospatial Perspective

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 45

familiarity, significantly influence settlement decisions in Rusunawa, even more

dominant than economic or facility considerations.

Referring to the sociospatial concept of Gottdiener, it can be understood how a

space, in this context Rusunawa, functions not only as a physical dwelling but also as a

field of social and familial interaction. Therefore, a person's decision to settle in a place

is not only based on economic considerations or physical needs but also on the existence

and quality of existing social relations. In urban planning and residential development,

accommodating and understanding these social dynamics is essential to ensure the

sustainability and comfort of settlements for their residents.

Comfort Factor of Living in Rusunawa

From the survey results, most residents of Rusunawa Sindang Koja, namely 93.3%,

feel comfortable living there. The reason for this convenience is not without basis.

Rusunawa Sindang Koja is not only seen as a residential building but has become a 'home'

for its residents. Social activities closely related to life between residents, such as weekly

recitation and routine activities from RT administrators, have formed strong social bonds

between them.

Figure 5

Percentage of Residents Feel Comfortable Living in Rusunawa Sindang Koja

Social and community factors are the main milestones of this comfort. Many

residents feel integrated with the community and neighbors around them, showing how

meaningful social relationships create a sense of comfort in a residence. This is not only

limited to acquaintances but has become part of their daily activities in worship, social

activities, and daily work.

Other factors that support the comfort of staying in Rusunawa are strategic

conditions and accessibility. Many residents benefit from Rusunawa's proximity to public

facilities, workplaces, schools, and shopping centers. This is one of the reasons why many

of them choose to stay here. Security is also a significant concern. Residents feel safe

with the presence of security officers and existing security systems. This trust is

reinforced by a sense of security even though the house is not locked. In addition, the

facilities available at Rusunawa further add comfort points for residents. Everything

supports their daily lives, from worship facilities to education, playgrounds, and health

facilities.

Aprilia C. P. Putri, Raphaella D. Dwianto

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 46

Economic considerations are also one of the reasons for some residents. Rusunawa

does offer economical residential solutions for some groups, but with adequate facilities.

Other categories include more specific and unique reasons, such as the habit of living in

Rusunawa for a long time or uncertainty about other housing options. The employment

factor is also a strong reason for some residents to stay, ranging from traders, fishermen,

workers on boats, online motorcycle taxi drivers, and office employees to art workers.

Figure 6

Percentage of Residents Feel Some Things Make It Uncomfortable to Live in Rusunawa

Sindang Koja

However, although the comfort rate is relatively high, 40% of residents stated that

some things make them uncomfortable. This is important to pay attention to because

although the majority feel comfortable, certain aspects must be considered and improved

to ensure that all residents feel entirely comfortable and meet their needs.

One of the dominant factors is related to Social and Community Factors. Some

residents are disturbed by gossip, neighbor disputes, and business competition between

stalls. This underlines the importance of harmonious social relations in creating a sense

of comfort in a dwelling.

In addition, noise, mainly caused by teenagers staying up late, is of particular

concern to some residents. This shows that there needs to be regulations or policies that

limit activities at certain hours in order to maintain mutual comfort.

Cleanliness and Environmental Conditions are also important issues. There are

complaints about the sale of animals in front of the house, especially during Eid al-Adha,

as well as poorly maintained environmental conditions. This highlights the importance of

good hygiene and environmental maintenance facilities. Regarding Safety, some

residents feel worried about their children's activities, especially in high-altitude areas. In

addition, the occurrence of theft and other security disturbances is an indication that

security needs improvement. The availability of educational facilities, especially high

schools, is a concern for some residents, considering the importance of close and easily

accessible access to education.

Although some aspects require attention, the fact that most residents feel

comfortable living in Rusunawa shows that Rusunawa offers many positive things as a

Rusunawa As An Urban Living Space: Sociospatial Perspective

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 47

place to live. However, feedback from 40% of residents who feel uncomfortable needs

attention and consideration in efforts to improve the future housing quality.

Community in Rusunawa

In the context of Rusunawa, the importance of existence and participation in the

community is often considered as one of the factors that support the quality of life of its

residents. The results showed that most respondents (63.3%) chose not to join any

community, often due to a lack of available community or other priorities such as work.

However, the spirit of togetherness remains, marked by social interactions such as

cleaning the unit floor and chatting between neighbors and Rumpi at stalls.

The bond within the group seemed solid for the 36.7% of respondents who chose

to join a community. One of the dominant communities is the "Pawarko" Community,

which functions as a forum for friendship and has an important role when one of its

members dies. Pawarko provides support facilities, ranging from funeral packages that

include the preparation of shrouds and ambulances to the preparation of prayer rooms for

religious processions. The existence of this kind of facility shows how the community

can be a vital pillar of social support, especially in situations of emergency or grief.

Figure 7

Percentage of Residents Who Join the Community in Rusunawa Sindang Koja

Then, there are communities such as the "Kema" Association, which accommodates

residents with backgrounds from Manado and North Sulawesi, providing a sense of

closeness amid the diversity of Rusunawa. In addition, cooperatives such as the Mekar

Cooperative and the Bererod Gratia Credit Union Cooperative highlighted how

Rusunawa residents also seek economic support and social interaction. Moreover,

religious communities such as Majelis Ta'lim Nurul Huda underscore the importance of

spirituality amid daily life.

However, challenges to maintaining and developing engagement in the community

remain. Even so, a deep understanding of residents' decisions will guide the development

of more inclusive and impactful communities. Some residents who choose not to join

often have other reasons, such as incompatibility with community nuances, involvement

in activities outside Rusunawa, or even negative perspectives regarding community

management.

Aprilia C. P. Putri, Raphaella D. Dwianto

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 48

In conclusion, although the community has the potential to optimize the quality of

life in Rusunawa, obstacles must be overcome to increase residents' participation.

Understanding the diverse reasons behind their decisions will be a strong foundation for

encouraging broader and more effective participation. In urban studies, Gottdiener (2015)

articulates that urban space is not merely a physical entity but a social arena formed from

its actors' interaction and construction of meaning. Rusunawa, in this framework, is not

just vertical housing but a social landscape defined by the dynamics of relations between

its residents.

The participation of Rusunawa residents in the community indicates that social

identity and interconnectedness are integral to the construction of the space. For example,

the role of the Pawarko community in providing support during disasters, such as the

death of a member, shows the significance of the community as a social infrastructure in

Rusunawa. However, when most residents choose not to engage in formal communities,

this shows the dynamics of space production and resistance to formal structures. These

decisions may reflect individual agency in producing their own space and responding to

the exclusivity of dominant communities.

Using the perspective of Gottdiener (2015), Rusunawa can be seen as a field where

social relations and the meaning of space are constantly negotiated. This underscores the

importance of an inclusive approach in building and maintaining communities in

Rusunawa to ensure that every resident has equal opportunities for social participation.

Rusunawa Manager

When considering the residents' trust in the management of Rusunawa (Perumnas),

we see an interesting picture. The majority of residents, 63.3%, showed a positive level

of trust, indicating a good working relationship between the two parties. The proportion

of residents who 'Believe' and 'Strongly Trust' may reflect concrete efforts by the

management to improve the quality of life of residents. However, most amounted to

33.3%, indicating a lack of familiarity with the maintainers. This could reflect a lack of

effective interaction or communication between residents and managers. This raises

questions about how strategic communication and direct interaction can be improved to

build closer relationships.

Figure 8

Percentage of Residents' Trust Level in the Management of Rusunawa Sindang Koja

Rusunawa As An Urban Living Space: Sociospatial Perspective

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 49

Furthermore, regarding the perception of the quality of Rusunawa, although most

residents gave a 'Mediocre' rating, this does not necessarily indicate any significant

dissatisfaction. However, it highlights the need for deep reflection by maintainers on what

residents consider 'standard' and how to address those expectations. On the other hand,

30% of residents rate Rusunawa as having 'Good' quality. This indicates that certain

aspects are appreciated by residents. Certain features, services, or interventions may have

met or exceeded occupant expectations. However, criticism from the 3.3% of residents

who felt the quality was 'Not Good' should be taken as a point of reflection for managers

to analyze which areas needed more attention.

Figure 9

Percentage of Residents' Trust Level in the Management of Rusunawa Sindang Koja

With the data of this study, it becomes clear that although there are positive points

in residents' perceptions, there is significant room for improvement, both in terms of

communication and the quality of services and facilities. These two aspects are

interrelated. Better communication can help you understand residents' expectations and

needs, while improved quality will increase residents' trust and satisfaction with you.

Conclusion

This research involved various respondents and informants and deepening from

previous studies. In a deeper context, the phenomenon in Rusunawa Sindang Koja can be

explained through the sociospatial concept proposed by Mark Gottdiener (2015). The

socio-spatial concept emphasizes how physical space and social structure influence each

other. Rusunawa Sindang Koja, as a spatial entity, not only provides a physical place to

live but becomes a place for intense and dynamic social interaction between its residents.

The spaces in Rusunawa are not just walls and roofs but places full of social meaning,

where interpersonal relationships are formed and strengthened. Gottdiener (2015)

emphasizes that social structures, such as kinship, friendship, and community ties, tend

to influence and shape space, just as that space influences and shapes social structures.

Thus, the comfort felt by the residents of Rusunawa Sindang Koja is not the result of

physical factors alone but dynamic interactions between space and social structures.

Aprilia C. P. Putri, Raphaella D. Dwianto

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 50

Bibliography

Arifin, J. (2021). Dampak Sosio Spasial Pembangunan Kompleks Perumahan Terhadap

Penduduk Desa Taeng Kabupaten Gowa (Tinjauan Sosiologi Spasial). Equilibrium:

Jurnal Pendidikan, 9(2), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.26618/equilibrium.v9i2.5241

Astuti, Dina Putri Juni. (2020). Semiotika Pantun Minang pada Masyarakat Minangkabau

Kota Bengkulu. Disastra: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 2(1),

43–49.

Djadjuli, Didi. (2018). Peran pemerintah dalam pembangunan ekonomi daerah.

Dinamika: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Negara, 5(2), 8–21.

https://doi.org/10.25157/dinamika.v5i2.1409

Herry-Priyono, B. (2016). Anthony Giddens: suatu pengantar. Kepustakaan Populer

Gramedia.

Histanto, Enrico Nirwan, & Kusliansjah, Yohanes Karyadi. (2018). Evaluasi Penataan

Dan Pemanfaatan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Untuk Interaksi Sosial Di Rusunawa Kota

Cimahi.

NADHIRRACHMAN, MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ. (2022). Analisis Penerapan

Manajemen Properti pada Rusunawa Ciseureuh di Kabupaten Purwakarta.

Politeknik Keuangan Negara STAN.

Ogotan, Andri M., & Salangka, Dina A. (2021). Pemanfaatan Bangunan Pemerintahan

Rusunawa Tingkulu, Kota Manado. Fraktal: Jurnal Arsitektur, Kota Dan Sains,

4(2).

Ritohardoyo, Su. (2015). Strategi Pembangunan Rumah Susun Berkelanjutan. Patra

Widya: Seri Penerbitan Penelitian Sejarah Dan Budaya., 16(3), 391–405.

Rozalinna, Genta Mahardhika, & Anwar, Violetta Lovenika Nur. (2021). Rusunawa dan

Sandwich Generation: Resiliensi Masa Pandemi di Ruang Perkotaan. Brawijaya

Journal of Social Science, 1(1), 63–79.

Saputro, Yusup Adi, & Sugiarti, Rini. (2021). Pengaruh dukungan sosial teman sebaya

dan konsep diri terhadap penyesuaian diri pada siswa SMA kelas X. Philanthropy:

Journal of Psychology, 5(1), 59–72.

Sukoco, George Adam, Arsendy, Senza, & Zulfa, Anisah Hafiszha. (2020). Inklusifkah

Sistem Pendidikan Indonesia? Studi Kasus Penggunaan Bahasa Ibu dan Perannya

terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa. Memikirkan Ulang Pembangunan Yang Berkeadilan

Sosial Dan Berperikemanusiaan, 53.

Sulaiman, Endang Sutisna. (2021). Pemberdayaan Masyarakat di Bidang Kesehatan:

Teori dan Implementasi. UGM PRESS.

Utomo, Yohanes Didhi Christianto, & Sudjiwanati, Sudjiwanati. (2018). Pengaruh

Rusunawa As An Urban Living Space: Sociospatial Perspective

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2024 51

dukungan sosial terhadap tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil di rumah sakit bersalin

pemerintah kota malang. Psikovidya, 22(2), 197–223.