p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254
Vol. 5, No. 01 January 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Doi: 10.59141/jist.v5i01.879 167

UTILISATION OF SANDAL WASTE FROM HOME INDUSTRY IN KEPUH
KIRIMAN VILLAGE, WARU DISTRICT, SIDOARJO REGENCY, AS COARSE
AGGREGATE MATERIAL IN MIXING MATERIALS FOR PAVING BLOCK

PRODUCTION

Ira Nur Ruwantari1*, Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih2, Yusrianti3
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]*, [email protected],

[email protected]

*Correspondence
ABSTRACT

Keywords: Rubber Sandal
Waste; Paving Block;
Compressive Strength; Water
Absorption; SEM.

Industrial activity is one of the factors that supports the growth of the
economic sector. One industry that is currently proliferating is rubber
sandal waste. This paper will use a mixture of rubber sandal waste as a
coarse aggregate material. Sandal waste can be reused to produce
products with a sale value, such as a mixture for making paving blocks.
They were paving blocks that will be made using B-quality K-200. This
paper aimed to determine compressive strength, water absorption, and
SEM results. The method which is used in this research is descriptive
quantitative. Paving Variations in sandal waste used in this study were
0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the volume of coarse aggregate. The optimal
results produced are a 15% variation with a compressive strength age of
28 days with an average value of 18.8 MPa, a 10% variation with a
compressive strength age of 7, and 14 days with an average value of 21.2
MPa and 21.8 MPa. The most optimal water absorption test results are
at 10% variation with an average value of 5%. SEM test results with 15%
and 20% variations showed a high air void content and microcracks
spread in the specimen's topography. Meanwhile, at 0% and 10%, the
spread of microcracks is insignificant, and the test object has a
reasonably high density.

Introduction

Along with the increasing rate of urbanisation, it certainly causes significant
industrial development in Indonesia. Industrial activities are one factor that supports the
economic sector's growth (Eva, 2021). The relationship between industrialisation and
urbanization is very close because the increasing population urbanisation rate is
accompanied by the increasing demand for various products (Luo, Xiang, & Wang,
2020). Therefore, the industrial sector is essential, reflected in the increasing Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) industry share. The growth rate of the industrial sector in 2018
was 17.7%. According to data from the annual report (Al-Tarbi et al., 2022), slippers or
sandals are one industry proliferating today. Footwear that is common and often used in
Indonesia by many people is sandals. Due to the significant demand from the community,
the home industry that produces sandals continues to increase, causing the amount of
waste or residue in making sandals to be very high. According to the United States
Environmental Protection Agency or U.S. EPA, waste is any substance or object disposed
of or required by its holder by the provisions of applicable national laws and regulations
(Okvianti & February 2022).

Ira Nur Ruwantari, Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih, Yusrianti

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 168

One of the areas in East Java that is a sandal industry craftsman is in Kepuh Kirim,
Waru, Sidoarjo Village. Most residents in the village make a living as sandal craftsmen
and operate daily to produce sandal products that will be sold. The types of sandals
produced vary, such as wedges sandals, strap sandals, sandals for sports, flat sandals, and
so on. In this study, we will use a mixture of rubber sandal waste as a substitute for some
coarse aggregate material. The sandal waste is a leftover from the production process of
the sandal home industry, which is widely produced in Kepuh Kiriman Village. Rubber
sandals reach 400-500 pairs daily (Al-Kheetan, 2022). The rubber sandal waste is
enormous and no longer used; many artisans throw the waste into the river or leave it
scattered in front of the sandal manufacturing factory yard. This will undoubtedly cause
pollution and damage in the surrounding area.

According to SNI 03-0691-1996, the paving block indicates building materials
made from a mixture of Portland cement and water and additional aggregates with or
without other additives that do not reduce paving blocks' quality. Paving blocks also have
good water absorption to withstand erratic or extreme weather. Paving blocks are widely
used for roads, sidewalks, and parking equipment (Mina, Subia, & Ermita, 2020). Paving
Blocks can be used for pavement on parking equipment; pavement in parking areas
usually uses class B quality concrete paving with a minimum thickness of 60 mm with a
tolerance of water absorption ± 6%; in general, the condition of parking lots in each area
in the rainy season occurs inundation, this is due to high rainfall is also unable to absorb
rainwater runoff into the ground. Using natural materials to construct sidewalks is a must
in supporting the achievement of green roads (Larasati & Rupiah, 2023).

Using sandal waste as a mixture of paving blocks can reduce the costs incurred to
make paving. Therefore, using sandal waste as part of the coarse aggregate substitution
material, paving does not require much coarse aggregate such as gravel, river stone, or
crushed stone. Cost analysis includes material prices for paving block materials, workers'
wages, equipment and operational costs (Juara, 2023). Thus, using rubber sandal waste is
expected to reduce environmental problems related to the accumulation of waste from
production waste produced and provide economic value to the material or construction
materials used by the waste. Besides that, rubber has elastic and flexible properties, one
reason for being a mixture of paving block making (Zăinescu et al., 2018).

Industrial waste comes from processes due to industrial activities directly or
indirectly; waste is directly sourced from industrial activities and produced from the rest
of the production, where waste and product residues are produced simultaneously.
Meanwhile, indirect waste is waste produced after the production process and before the
production process from these industrial activities (Rasyid & Sarasanty, 2022). Creating
solid or industrial waste begins with the presence of materials or materials that can be
used to make something or objects that need it. Therefore, the reuse of waste from the
production process, as stated in the hadith that cleanliness is one of the things favoured
by Allah S.W.T, namely:

َ طَيِِّبٌ يحُِبُّ الطَّيِِّبَ, نظَِيفٌ يحُِبُّ النَّظَافَةَ, كَرِيمٌ يحُِبُّ الْكَرَمَ, جَوَادٌ يحُِبُّ الْجُودَ, فنَظَِِّفوُا أفَْنيِتَكَُمْ إِنَّ اللََّّ

Utilisation of Sandal Waste from Home Industry in Kepuh Kiriman Village, Waru District,
Sidoarjo Regency, as Coarse Aggregate Material in Mixing Materials for Paving Block
Production

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 169

It means: "From the Prophet Sallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam: Verily Allah Almighty is holy
who likes holy things, He is Most Clean who likes cleanliness, He is Most Noble who
loves glory, He is Most Beautiful who loves beauty, therefore clean your places." (HR
Tirmidhi).

As we know, cleanliness is part of faith; if we always maintain cleanliness, we will
avoid dangerous disease outbreaks.

Based on the formulation of the problem above, the research objectives that can be
taken are as follows:
1. Determine the percentage value of the most optimal paving block strength.
2. Analyzing the compressive strength results, water absorption and SEM tests on paving

blocks produced using sandal waste as a partial substitute for coarse aggregate
material.

3. Analyze the characteristic results of paving blocks that use mixed materials from
sandal waste.

4. Calculating the production cost of making paving blocks.

Research Methods
Types of Research

This study used a type of quantitative descriptive research. Quantitative descriptive
research is a method that aims to find data to produce information about what you want
to know. This method processes the data generated from each paving block-making
treatment (Purnama & Sudibyo, 2018).
Time and Location of Research

The implementation time and analysis of the research results will be carried out
from March to April 2023, which is a Final Project study activity in the field of solid
waste, namely the Utilization of Sandal Waste from Home Industry in Kepuh Kirim,
Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency as Coarse Aggregate Material in Paving Block Making
Mixture. The waste taken is the leftover result of the sandal home industry in Kepuh
Kirim, which will later be tested at the Concrete and Material Laboratory at the UINSA
II Gunung Anyar Campus.
Research Mindset

The research framework is a systematic flow or sequence of research to obtain the
data needed in research optimally and according to what is expected by researchers based
on the scope and objectives of the research (Arsalani, 2023). The framework of this
research starts from the large amount of rubber sandal waste produced due to the
remaining production of the sandal home industry in Kepuh Kiriman Village. The waste
accumulates, is scattered around the home industry, and causes environmental pollution.
Innovations are formed to reuse rubber sandal waste that is no longer used, one of which
is using rubber sandal waste as a substitute for some coarse aggregate in the mixture of
paving blocks. In the process of making paving blocks, referring to SNI 03-0691-1996,

Ira Nur Ruwantari, Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih, Yusrianti

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 170

as well as rubber sandal waste used as a partial substitute for coarse aggregate has four
types of addition variations, namely 0% (without sandal waste), 10%, 15%, and 20%.
Stages of Research

The research stages contain the work steps to be carried out and the stages of
research. The purpose of the research stages is to make it easier to explain the description
of the research.
Stages of Research Preparation

The preparation stage is to prepare all tools and materials for research to run well.
The mixed materials used to manufacture paving blocks consist of Portland cement brand
gresik cement, stone ash, crushed stone, clean water, and rubber sandal waste.
Analyses Data

Data analysis is a process for preparation in this study with quantitative descriptive
methods. It explains the data obtained to analyse rubber waste in the mixture of paving
blocks.

Results and Discussion
Paving Block Compressive Strength Test Analysis Results

Making paving blocks with a mixture of sandal waste and coarse aggregate aims to
determine the optimum value of compressive strength resulting from the addition of the
waste. The paving mixture comprises cement, sand, gravel, and water. Variations in
adding rubber sandal waste are 0% (not using sandal waste), 10%, 15%, and 20%. The
test specimen to be made is a 21 cm x 10 cm x 6 cm block. The results of making test
specimens are presented in Figures 1 to 4.

Figure 1 Paving Block 0% Variation

Ira Nur Ruwantari, Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih, Yusrianti

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 172

Table 1
Number of Compressive Strength Test Samples

The samples consisted of 24 samples; from each variation of adding sandal waste,

there were two samples based on the length of soaking the paving for the compressive
strength test. The results of paving block compressive strength testing can be seen in
Tables 2, 3 and Table 4 below:

Table 2
Paving Block Compressive Strength Test Results 7 Days

Sample
Test
Code

Mixed
Variations

Number of test specimens based on soaking
duration

7 Hari 14 Hari 28 Hari
1 PB.0 0% 2 2 2
2 PB.10 10% 2 2 2
3 PB.15 15% 2 2 2
4 PB.20 20% 2 2 2

The total number of Tajikistan 24

No
Creatio
n Date

Test
Date

Age

The
compo
sition
of the
slipper
waste
mixtur

The
Label
of the
City

Test
Speci
men
Weig

ht
(gra
ms)

Wide
Penam
pang

of Test
Object
s(mm)

Comp
ressiv

e
Stren
gth

Load
(KN)

f'c
(Mp
a)

Aver
age

(Mpa
)

1
3-May-

11
May
2023

7
Hari 0%

PB 7
(0.1) 3 21000

66000
0

31,4

31,2

2
3-May-

11
May
2023

7
Hari 0%

PB 7
(0.2) 2,98 21000

65000
0

31,0

3
3-May-

11
May
2023

7
Hari 10%

PB 7
(10.1) 2,7 21000

45000
0

21,4

21,2

4
3-May-

11
May
2023

7
Hari 10%

PB 7
(10.2) 2,5 21000

44000
0

21,0

5
3-May-

11
May
2023

7
Hari 15%

PB 7
(15.1) 2,2 21000

32000
0

15,2

13,5

6
3-May-

11
May
2023

7
Hari 15%

PB 7
(15.2) 2,2 21000

24550
0

11,7

7
3-May-

11
May
2023

7
Hari 20%

PB 7
(20.1) 1,5 21000

20550
0

9,8 9,7

Utilisation of Sandal Waste from Home Industry in Kepuh Kiriman Village, Waru District,
Sidoarjo Regency, as Coarse Aggregate Material in Mixing Materials for Paving Block
Production

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 173

The compressive strength value of the 7-day paving block at a variation of 0% (not

using a mixture of sandal waste) gets an average compressive strength value of 31.2 Mpa,
classified as B + quality. The compressive strength value of 10% variation gets an average
of 21.2%, classified as B+ quality. The 7-day compressive strength value of the 15%
variation gets an average compressive strength value of 13.5 Mpa and is classified as
quality C; the 20% variation gets an average compressive strength value of 9.7 Mpa is
classified as quality D. The compressive strength results obtained are calculated based on
equation 5.

Figure 5

Graph of Compressive Strength Test Results of Immersion Paving Block 7 Days

Based on the compressive strength test results for seven days in Figure 5, the
average compressive strength results are not much different from soaking for 14 days.
The 10% variation is optimal for quality B paving blocks with an average compressive
strength value of 21.2 Mpa. The average compressive strength results in 15% and 20%
variations, and we get an average compressive strength value with grades C to D.

Table 3
Paving Block Compressive Strength Test Results 14 Days

31 31

21 21
15

12 10 10

PB 7 (0.1) PB 7 (0.2) PB 7 (10.1) PB 7 (10.2) PB 7 (15.1) PB 7 (15.2) PB 7 (20.1) PB 7 (20.2)

N
il

ai
K

u
at

T
ek

PB : Kode Paving Block Setiap Variasi…

17 Mpa
20 Mpa

No
Creatio
n Date

Test
Date

Age

The
compo
sition
of the
slipper
waste
mixtur

The
Label
of the
City

Test
Speci
men
Weig

ht
(gra
ms)

Wide
Penam
pang

of Test
Object
s(mm)

Comp
ressiv

e
Stren
gth

Load
(KN)

f'c
(Mp
a)

Aver
age

(Mpa
)

8
3-May-

11
May
2023

7
Hari 20%

PB 7
(20.2) 1,3 21000

20000
0

9,5

Ira Nur Ruwantari, Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih, Yusrianti

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 174

Table 3 shows compressive strength test values with paving immersion for 14 days.

A comparison between the previous 28-day paving immersion and the 14-day paving
soaking showed a less significant difference. The optimal variation of adding sandal
waste is found in the 10% variation, which has an average compressive strength value of
21.8 Mpa. According to (Hitosugi, 2011), the test results are based on variations in
concrete compressive strength, with a length of immersion from concrete that is 14 days
old. The decrease in compressive strength depends primarily on the composition of the
concrete mixture. Concrete consists mainly of aggregate, which can withstand loads and
resist cracking. The presence of cement and other constituent materials affects the
strength of concrete. In this case, the reduced strength of concrete is due to the partial
replacement of the volume of fine aggregate with rubber sandalwood powder. Based on

N
o

Creati
on

Date

Test
Date

Ag
e

The
compo
sition
of the
slipper
waste
mixtur

The
Labe
l of
the

City

Test
Speci
men
Weig

ht
(gra
ms)

Wide
Penamp
ang of
Test

Objects(
mm)

Comp
ressiv

e
Streng

th
Load
(KN)

f'c
(Mpa

)

Ave
rage

27-
Apr-

11
May
2023

14
Har
i 0%

PB
14

(0.1) 3 21000
69000

0
32,9

31,5

27-
Apr-

11
May
2023

14
Har
i 0%

PB
14

(0.2) 3,2 21000
63500

0
30,2

27-
Apr-

11
May
2023

14
Har
i 10%

PB
14

(10.1
) 2,7 21000

47000
0

22,4

21,8

27-
Apr-

11
May
2023

14
Har
i 10%

PB
14

(10.2
) 2,8 21000

44500
0

21,2

27-
Apr-

11
May
2023

14
Har
i 15%

PB
14

(15.1
) 2,2 21000

34500
0

16,4

16,5

27-
Apr-

11
May
2023

14
Har
i 15%

PB
14

(15.2
) 2,2 21000

35000
0

16,7

27-
Apr-

11
May
2023

14
Har
i 20%

PB
14

(20.1
) 1,7 21000

22500
0

10,7

10,2

27-
Apr-

11
May
2023

14
Har
i 20%

PB
(20.2

) 1,7 21000
20500

0
9,8

Utilisation of Sandal Waste from Home Industry in Kepuh Kiriman Village, Waru District,
Sidoarjo Regency, as Coarse Aggregate Material in Mixing Materials for Paving Block
Production

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 175

the test data, a concrete mixture containing 10% rubber sandal powder achieved the most
optimal results. This combination meets predetermined strength and pressure criteria.

Figure 6

Graph of Compressive Strength Test Results of Immersion Paving Block 14 Days

Figure 6 shows that the compressive strength results with soaking for 14 days
decreased compared to the compressive strength results of the previous 28 days. The
optimum result is found in a variation of 10% with a compressive strength value by
quality B with an average of 21.8 Mpa. According to the study's results (Iwaya et al.,
2011), the compressive strength value is caused by the more rubber-crushed waste used
as a substitute for sand; the compressive strength and flexural tensile strength of concrete
will decrease. The compressive strength test results with 14 days of immersion decreased
with the increasing variation of adding rubber crushes.

Table 4
Paving Block Compressive Strength Test Results 28 Days

33
30

22
21

16 17

11 10

PB 14 (0.1) PB 14 (0.2) PB 14 (10.1)PB 14 (10.2)PB 14 (15.1)PB 14 (15.2)PB 14 (20.1) PB (20.2)

N
ila

i K
u

ia
t

Te
ka

PB : Kode Uji Paving Block
: Nilai Kuat Tekan (Mpa)

17 Mpa

20 Mpa

No
Creatio
n Date

Test
Date

Age

The
comp
ositio
n of
the

slippe
r

waste
mixtu

The
Label
of the
City

Test
Speci
men
Weig

ht
(gra
ms)

The
cross-
section
al area
of the
test

specim
en

Com
press
ive

Stren
gth

Load
(N)

f'c
(Mpa

)

Aver
age(
Mpa)

1
13-Apr-

11
May
2023

28
Hari 0%

PB 28
(0.1) 3,3 21000

7300
00

34,8

34,5

2
13-Apr-

11
May
2023

28
Hari 0%

PB 28
(0.2) 3,35 21000

7200
00

34,3

Ira Nur Ruwantari, Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih, Yusrianti

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 176

Based on the compressive strength test results with paving immersion for 28 days,

Table 4 shows two samples for adding rubber sandal waste in each variation. The 0%
variation (not using sandal waste) shows a higher compressive strength load result
compared to other variations; after calculating using the formula equation in 2.1, a result
of 34.7 Mpa was obtained with an average result of 34.5 Mpa, which result is classified
as a type of paving block with quality A with an average value of 35-40 mPa according
to SNI 03-0691-1996. The 10% variation shows an average compressive strength result
of 26.5. It is classified as paving quality B +, which means it is between quality A and
Quality B. The 15% variation gets an average compressive strength result of 18.8 Mpa,
classified as quality B, which will be used for road pavements and parking equipment
lots. Moreover, the last variation of 20% gets an average compressive strength value of
10.6, classified as D quality.

The addition of variations of shredded rubber to the paving block mixture affects
the unit weight of the volume. In particular, increasing the proportion of rubber pieces
added to the mixture increases the average unit weight of paving. When added to paving,
chopped rubber acts as a lightweight aggregate. With increasing proportions of chopped
rubber, more light aggregate is introduced into the paving mixture. This produces more
lightweight materials than denser mixed components, such as cement, sand, and coarse
aggregate. Since lightweight materials have a lower density, increasing the number of
rubber pieces in the mixture reduces the overall density of concrete. One thing that affects

No
Creatio
n Date

Test
Date

Age

The
comp
ositio
n of
the

slippe
r

waste
mixtu

The
Label
of the
City

Test
Speci
men
Weig

ht
(gra
ms)

The
cross-
section
al area
of the
test

specim
en

Com
press
ive

Stren
gth

Load
(N)

f'c
(Mpa

)

Aver
age(
Mpa)

3
13-Apr-

11
May
2023

28
Hari 10%

PB 28
(10.1) 2,93 21000

5700
00

27,1

26,5

4
13-Apr-

11
May
2023

28
Hari 10%

PB 28
(10.2) 2,87 21000

5450
00

26,0

5
13-Apr-

11
May
2023

28
Hari 15%

PB 28
(15.1) 2,3 21000

4000
00

19,0

18,8

6
13-Apr-

11
May
2023

28
Hari 15%

PB 28
(15.2) 2,5 21000

3900
00

18,6

7
13-Apr-

11
May
2023

28
Hari 20%

PB 28
(20.1) 1,89 21000

2350
00

11,2

10,6

8
13-Apr-

11
May
2023

28
Hari 20%

PB 28
(20.2) 1,89 21000

2100
00

10,0

Utilisation of Sandal Waste from Home Industry in Kepuh Kiriman Village, Waru District,
Sidoarjo Regency, as Coarse Aggregate Material in Mixing Materials for Paving Block
Production

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 177

the unit weight will depend on the proportions, size, and specific characteristics of the
chopped rubber particles used, the mixture's design, and the overall curing conditions.
These factors can affect the density and performance of the paving itself (RUSYADI,
2021).
Results of Paving Block Water Absorption Analysis

Water absorption testing on this paving aims to determine the percentage of the
paving's ability to absorb water during the 24-hour soaking period. The size of the
percentage of water absorption produced depends on whether or not the cavity in the test
specimen is tight. If the cavity in the test specimen is tighter, the water absorption value
will be higher, and vice versa. If the cavity in the test specimen is tenuous, the resulting
absorption value is lower. Determination of water absorption in paving blocks is obtained
by calculating the difference between wet and dry mass weighed using digital scales with
a weight capacity of up to 60 kg. The results of the water absorption test obtained from
paving blocks are listed in Table 5 below:

Table 5
Water Absorption Test Results on Paving Block

Based on the results of the water absorption test obtained, the mixture of slipper

waste variations of 10% meets the most optimal water absorption in paving, which is an
average of 5%. According to SNI 03-0691-1996, the most optimal water absorption in
paving blocks with quality B is between 5-6%; from table 5 above, the variation of the
mixture of 10% shows optimal results for the quality of quality B paving with water
absorption results of 5%. The absorbency test results are presented in Figure 7 below.

No Test Code Variations
Long

Soaking
Wet Mass

(gr)
Dry Mass

(gr) Result Average
1 D.S (0.1) 0% 24 Jam 300 290 3,4%

3,3% 2 D.S (0.2) 0% 24 Jam 296 287 3,1%
3 D.S (10.1) 10% 24 Jam 245 234 4,7%

5% 4 D.S (10.2) 10% 24 Jam 240 228 5,3%
5 D.S (15.1) 15% 24 Jam 177 166 6,6%

6,7% 6 D.S (15.2) 15% 24 Jam 174 163 6,7%
7 D.S (20.1) 20% 24 Jam 163 147 10,9%

11,3% 8 D.S (20.2) 20% 24 Jam 162 145 11,7%

Ira Nur Ruwantari, Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih, Yusrianti

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 178

Figure 7
Graph of Water Absorption Test Results on Paving Blocks

Based on the calculation in calculation formula 2.2, the results of the water

absorption test are obtained by calculating the difference between the dry mass and wet
mass of the paving block and then multiplying and finding the final result in the form of
100% per cent. In this absorbency test, soaking is carried out for 24 hours or equal to 1
day. According to (de Bragança, de Souza, Soares, and Soares, 2023), the process of water
absorption in concrete is reviewed based on the composition of the mixture from the
foundation of making concrete itself. Westerman explained that the concrete mixture that
uses glass powder and plastic crushes affects the process and absorption conditions in the
concrete made; therefore, in Figure 4.8, we can see that adding rubber sandal waste as
coarse aggregate on paving will affect the results of water absorption produced.
SEM Paving Block Test Analysis Results

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is a technique for investigating the
topography and spectroscopic properties of various material surfaces with atomic
resolution under various physical conditions. One of the most critical factors in achieving
high-resolution measurements is the reduction of external vibrations that might affect the
microscope, such as changes in edge-sample separation multiplied exponentially in
tunnelling currents (Nasution, 2022). As in the discussion of the SEM test on paving
blocks this time, the SEM test was carried out to determine the results of topography, the
spread of microcracks, and the condition of the air cavities in the paving. Microcrax is a
type of material damage that consists of cracks small enough to require magnification to
be observed. Microcracks indicate material failure that can eventually lead to complete
failure. This can occur in the coating during the application or drying process or strain
load of the coating or material. The following are the results of the SEM test analysis on
paving blocks with a variation of 0% sandal waste listed in Table.

03 03

05
05

07 07

11
12

D.S (0.1) D.S (0.2) D.S (10.1)D.S (10.2)D.S (15.1)D.S (15.2)D.S (20.1)D.S (20.2)

D.S : Kode Paving Block pada Uji Daya Serap
: Hasil Uji Daya Serap Air

Uji Daya Serap Air Paving Block

Utilisation of Sandal Waste from Home Industry in Kepuh Kiriman Village, Waru District,
Sidoarjo Regency, as Coarse Aggregate Material in Mixing Materials for Paving Block
Production

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 179

Table 6
SEM Test Results 0% Variation

Magnificati
on

Test Results Information

1000 Kali

The figure shows that
paving samples with 0%
variations were tested
using magnifications of
1000, 2000, 5000, and
10,000 times. It is known
that the spread of
microcracks on paving is
not so great, only in certain
areas with a relatively
small microcrack size.
In addition to the spread of
microcracks that affect the
compressive strength value
produced in paving, the
condition of the air cavity
also affects the results of
the paving's compressive
strength. The more air
cavities contained in the
paving, the smaller the
compressive strength value
produced, and vice versa. If
the air cavity in the paving
is small or the density is
high, the resulting
compressive strength value
is even greater. At a
magnification of 10,000
times, it can be seen that
the condition of the
specimen is very dense,
and even almost no air-
void holes are visible. This
is because the composition
of the mixture in making
paving blocks consists of a
mixture of paving in
general, namely cement,
stone ash, crushed stone,
and water.

2000 Kali

5000 Kali

10000 Kali

Table 6 shows that the morphological test results on paving blocks with a variation

of 0% (without using a mixture of sandal waste) only slightly have microcrack spread.
Microcracks can form before the strain on the material reaches its break point. Thus, the
pressure on the material must be limited before the resin fibres break off. The condition

microcracks

Kerapatan Ruang Benda Uji

Ira Nur Ruwantari, Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih, Yusrianti

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 180

of the air cavity in the test results with a variation of 0% is also not too visible; this shows
that the test specimen has a high enough density so that it does not produce so many air
cavities. An example of the air cavity content in concrete brick can be seen in Figure 8
below.

Figure 8
Air Cavities in Concrete

Air cavities can be seen based on the mixture and material that makes up paving

blocks, such as adding a variation of rubber sandal waste by 10% on paving blocks.
Production Cost Budget Plan (RAB)

In making paving blocks, paying attention to the Cost Budget Plan (RAB) in the
production process is necessary. Calculating the RAB for making test specimens consists
of the material used in the mixture, which refers to the price of the material in Sidoarjo.
In addition, the cost of paving printing also depends on how much paving is produced
and the size of the paving to be made. The following is the RAB for the paving production
process in Table 7 below.

Table 7
Paving Production Cost Budget Plan

0% variation
No Material Volume Price
1 Cement 6.750 gram Rp 8.775,00
2 Batu Ash 6.750 gram Rp 104.625,00
3 Broken Stone 13.500 gram Rp 38.796,17
4 Water Litre Rp 100,00

5 Printing Cost Activities Rp 250.000,00
TOTAL Rp 402.296,17

Production Cost of Each Paving Rp 44.699,57
10% Profit Rp 4.469,96
Price for one paving block Rp 49.169,53

10% variation

Utilisation of Sandal Waste from Home Industry in Kepuh Kiriman Village, Waru District,
Sidoarjo Regency, as Coarse Aggregate Material in Mixing Materials for Paving Block
Production

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 181

No Material Volume Price
1 Cement 6.750 gram Rp 8.775,00

2 Batu Ash 6.750 gram Rp 104.625,00
3 Broken Stone 12.150 gram Rp 34.916,55
4 Slipper Waste 150 gram Rp 0

5 Water Litre Rp 100,00
6 Printing Cost Activities Rp 250.000,00

TOTAL Rp 398.416,55
Production Cost of Each Paving Rp 44.268,51
10% Profit Rp 4.426,85
Price for one paving block Rp 48.695,36

15% variation

No Bahan Volume Price

1 Cement 6.750 gram Rp 8.775,00
2 Batu Ash 6.750 gram Rp 104.625,00
3 Broken Stone 11.475 gram Rp 32.976,74
4 Slipper Waste 225 gram Rp 0
5 Water Litre Rp 100,00
6 Printing Cost Activities Rp 250.000,00

TOTAL Rp 396.476,74
Production Cost of Each Paving Rp 44.052,97
10% Profit Rp 4.405,30
Price for one paving block Rp 48.458,27

20% variation
No Bahan Volume Price
1 Cement 6.750 gram Rp 8.775,00
2 Batu Ash 6.750 gram Rp 104.625,00
3 Broken Stone 10.800 gram Rp 31.036,93
4 Slipper Waste 300 gram Rp 0
5 Water Litre Rp 100,00
6 Printing Cost Activities Rp 250.000,00

TOTAL Rp 394.536,93
Production Cost of Each Paving Rp 43.837,44
10% Profit Rp 4.383,74
Price for one paving block Rp 48.221,18

Based on Table 7 regarding the Production Plan for paving with variations of 0%,

10%, 15%, and 20%, the price used is by the Unit Price of Activity (HSPK) of Sidoarjo
Regency, East Java. The volume of the mixture material for making paving adjusts to the
composition of the mixture (mix design).

Ira Nur Ruwantari, Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih, Yusrianti

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 182

Conclusion

Based on the three tests on paving blocks, it can be concluded that the most optimal
variation in adding sandal waste is a variation of 15% at the compressive strength of 28
days old and at a variation of 10% at the age of 14 and 7 days with an average compressive
strength value, water absorption and SEM test results by the paving quality requirements
listed in SNI 03-0691-1996. The value of the compressive strength test results that meet
the B quality requirements is 18.8 Mpa with a variation of 15% at a compressive strength
of 28 days and a 10% variation of 21.2 Mpa at a compressive strength of 14 days. The
results of the water absorption test value are on paving blocks with a variation of 10% by
5% and are classified as quality B. The results of the SEM test analysis on paving blocks
use magnifications of 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10000 times. Variations of 15% and 20%
showed an even spread of microcracks, air cavities, and high estrangement in the
specimen.

The characteristic result of paving blocks that use sandal waste as a mixture tends
to have cracks and an uneven texture and is somewhat rough. This is because the mixture
of sandal waste has elastic properties that produce a cross-sectional surface on paving that
is less even. For the planned paving production cost plan by the HSPK reference of
Sidoarjo Regency and Surabaya City. With different prices depending on the variety of
slipper waste. For 0% variation of Rp 49,169.53, 10% variation of Rp 48,695.36, 15%
variation of Rp 48,458.27, and 20% variation of Rp 48,221.18.

Utilisation of Sandal Waste from Home Industry in Kepuh Kiriman Village, Waru District,
Sidoarjo Regency, as Coarse Aggregate Material in Mixing Materials for Paving Block
Production

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 01, January 2024 183

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