p-ISSN: 2723-6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254
Vol. 5, No. 11 November 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5513
Designing A Foldable Boat for Flood Disaster Victim
Evacuation
Tegar Intifalda
1*
, Dzaky Al Dzikri
2
, Rizky Maulana Saputra
3
Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
*Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Keywords:
Flood; Maxsurf Resistance
and Stability; Boat
Since the last 5 years, there have been 679 flood disaster fatalities
from 2019 - 2023 and 4,246 total flood disaster events from 2019
- 2023. There are 5 types of boats used by BNPB to evacuate flood
disaster victims with high prices, and several boats need to be
filled with air before evacuating flood disaster victims. Although
BNPB has prepared boats. However, there are still many
casualties due to flood victims. Therefore, this research is a
solution to assist in the evacuation of flood victims in the form of
designing a folding boat as a tool for evacuating flood victims.
This research was conducted to obtain predetermined
specifications and determine the Maxsurf Resistance and Stability
analysis. The Pahl and Beitz method with QFD is used to meet
these needs. Then, the boat specifications were obtained: DWT;
416 𝑘𝑔 or 0.416 𝑇𝑜𝑛, boat dimensions (pxl); 3.115x1.584, folding
boat price Rp. 5,404,100 (without engine) and Rp. 23,005,575
(with engine), passenger capacity can load at least 4 people, Cb;
0.842, boat mass; 33.8 kg, and IMO Standard; Pass. The results of
Maxsurf Resistance with a speed of 6 knots using the Holtrop
Resistance method of 275.42 N and Holtrop Power of 1.14 hp so
that more than 1.14 hp engine power is needed, a 5 HP L HD5F
Outboard Engine weighing 21 kg is obtained. The simulation
results of 6 conditions in Maxsurf Stability have passed the test of
the IMO Standard.
Introduction
Flood disasters have been a recurring and devastating issue in Indonesia, claiming 679
lives and causing widespread destruction across 4,246 events from 2019 to 2023 (Indonesian
Disaster Information Data, 2023). Despite efforts by the National Disaster Management
Agency (BNPB) to deploy boats for evacuation, existing solutions reveal critical
shortcomings. The current boats are expensive, cumbersome, and often impractical, with
some requiring inflation before use—a process that consumes valuable time during
emergencies. This inefficiency contributes to preventable fatalities during floods, especially
in scenarios where rapid deployment is crucial to saving lives (Ajiij & Supriyatna, 2024).
Given these challenges, there is an urgent need for innovative and accessible solutions.
This research addresses the gap by designing a cost-effective and practical foldable boat
specifically tailored for flood evacuation. By incorporating compact storage, ease of
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5514
deployment, and stability under varied conditions, this design aims to enhance the
effectiveness of disaster response efforts. The study employs the Pahl and Beitz method with
QFD to meet the specified technical and functional requirements, ensuring the design aligns
with real-world needs. This development represents a significant step forward in reducing
flood-related casualties and improving disaster readiness across vulnerable regions.
There are 5 types of boats used by BNPB to evacuate flood victims. All types of boats
have the same disadvantages: they are impractical and expensive, and some boats need to be
filled with air before evacuating flood victims. BNPB (National Disaster Management
Agency) has prepared boats to evacuate flood victims. However, there are still many
casualties due to flood victims. Therefore, this research is a solution to assist in evacuating
flood victims by designing a folding boat as a tool for evacuating flood victims.
Maxsurf Resistance
The Maxsurf calculation approach used in this study is the Holtrop Method because
the Holtrop Method is appropriate for use on ships with a significant block coefficient (Cb)
ranging from 0.7 to 0.9. Holtrop (Lewis, 1988), put forward the statistical analysis results of
the resistance and propulsion tests of 191 models with varying types of ships carried in the
Dutch MARIN model test laboratory. Holtrop concluded that 95% of the experiments he
conducted produced a quite accurate formula.
Maxsurf Stability
Ship stability analysis is closely related to the safety aspects of the ship. The
International Maritime Organization (IMO), as an international maritime organization,
issues regulations in the form of stability rules that must be met by a ship. Some of the rules
that must be met by ships as ship stability requirements according to the provisions and
provisions of IMO (International Maritime Organization) Code A.749 (18) Chapter 3 -
Design Criteria Applicable to All Ships, which requires the following: (Maxsurf, 2023b)
1. Section A.749 (18), Chapter 3.1.2.1:
a. Area in the region under the GZ curve at a tilt angle of 0° - 30° (deg) > 3.151 m.deg.
b. Area in the region under the GZ curve at a tilt angle of 0° - 40° (deg) > 5.157 m.deg.
c. Area under the GZ curve at a tilt angle of 30° - 40° (deg) > 1.719 m.deg.
2. Section A.749 (18), chapter 3.1.2.2: maximum GZ values occurring at angles of 30° - 180° (deg)
> 0.2 m.
3. Section A.749 (18), chapter 3.1.2.3: angle at maximum GZ value > 25° (deg).
4. Section A.749 (18), chapter 3.1.2.4: Initial GM value at angle 0° (deg) > 0.15 m.
Block Coefficient
According to Rawson & Tupper (2001), the block coefficient is the ratio of the
displacement volume to the volume of a rectangular block with equal sides. Based on Budi
Santoso research in 2009, the block coefficient is the ratio between the volume of the ship's
body below the water surface and the block's volume formed by the block's length, width,
and height. The block coefficient can also be determined by considering the ship's speed,
Designing A Foldable Boat for Flood Disaster Victim Evacuation
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5515
where fast ships generally have a small Cb and vice versa, while ships with low speed have
a large Cb. The block coefficient can be expressed by a formula as follows:
𝑪𝒃 =
𝑽
𝑳×𝑩×𝒅
(1)
Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT)
According to Sutini (2020), Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT) is the ability of a ship to be
loaded with loads such as cargo, fresh water, fuel, supplies, lubricating oil, passengers, crew,
and others, up to a certain draft and in liquids with a specific density as well. The formula
for Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT), namely:
(2)
Draft
According to Fajar , a Dr(2020)aft ship is a series of numbers that are applied or
attached (welded or just painted) on the hull of the ship on the right and left at the front
(forward), in the middle (midship) and at the back (after), where these numbers indicate the
depth of the part of the ship that enters into sea or river water. The formula for the draft,
namely:
𝒅 =
(
𝒎
𝝆
)
(
𝒍
𝒑
)
× 𝟑 (3)
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5516
Method
This research follows the Pahl & Beitz design method, which is a systematic
approach to product development. The method consists of the following stages:
1. Clarification of Task: In this initial stage, the requirements for the foldable boat are
clearly defined based on the needs of flood disaster evacuation. This involves
identifying critical design criteria, such as lightweight structure, compact storage,
stability, and cost efficiency. The study also incorporates data from existing evacuation
boats to establish benchmarks for the design.
2. Conceptual Design: Various design concepts are generated and evaluated against the
criteria established in the first stage. This includes brainstorming potential mechanisms
for folding and assembly while ensuring the boat's stability and resistance in
floodwaters. Concepts are compared using Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to
ensure that user needs are directly addressed in the design process.
3. Embodiment Design: In this stage, detailed specifications of the boat are developed,
including dimensions, materials, and mechanisms for folding. Maxsurf Resistance and
Stability software is used to analyze the boat’s performance. Specifically:(Rachman et
al., 2020)
• Maxsurf Resistance Analysis: This uses the Holtrop method to calculate the
resistance and required propulsion power at various speeds. Given the boat's high
block coefficient (Cb = 0.842), the Holtrop method is particularly suitable, as it
is optimized for vessels with significant displacement.
• Maxsurf Stability Analysis: The design's stability is evaluated under six different
loading conditions, ensuring compliance with IMO (International Maritime
Organization) standards. The results verify that the design maintains safety and
stability with varying passenger loads.
4. Detailed Design: The final design incorporates findings from the Maxsurf analysis.
Detailed drawings and specifications of the foldable boat and its mechanisms are
prepared. The design is optimized to balance performance, manufacturability, and
cost-effectiveness.
5. Implementation and Testing: Prototype manufacturing and testing (if applicable) are
outlined to validate the design's real-world performance against the theoretical
analysis. This step involves refining the design based on test feedback to ensure it
meets practical demands.
Designing A Foldable Boat for Flood Disaster Victim Evacuation
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Research Flow Chart
The following is a research flow chart for the design of a folding boat using the Pahl
& Beitz design method:
Figure 1. Research Flow Chart
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5518
Results and Discussion
The design of a folding boat must meet predetermined specifications.
Folding Boat Design
The folding boat design has been made and meets the following specifications:
Figure 2. Folding Boat
Table 1. Folding Boat Specifications
Measurement
Value
Units
Dimension (pxlxt)
3.115 x 1.551 x 0.572
m
3 Kursi Lipat
15.08
Kg
Perahu Lipat
82.4
Kg
Block coeff. (Cb)
0.842
-
Material
Kayu Mahoni + Plastel 8820
-
Folding Boat Mechanism
The folding mechanism of the folding boat will be described as follows:
Figure 3. Folding Boat Mechanism 1
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Figure 4. Folding Boat Mechanism 2
Figure 5. Folding Boat Mechanism 3
Figure 6. Folding Boat Mechanism 4
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5520
Figure 7. Folding Boat Mechanism 5
Folding Chair Design
Based on Anthropometry data, the popliteal length is 394.2 mm and the popliteal
height is 417.6 mm. The design of the folding chair is adjusted to the needs of Indonesian
adult male anthropometry. The folding chair design is as follows:
Figure 8. Folding Chair
Figure 9. Folding Chair Popliteal Height Dimension
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5521
Figure 10. Folding Chair Popliteal Length Dimension
Maxsurf Resistance
Based on Purwo and Iswadi's research in (2024), "Designing a Rubber-Coated Fiber Glass
Boat for Flood Disaster Evacuation" for a speed variation of 6 knots. Therefore, in this research, the
speed variation starts from 0 - 6 knots. Maxurf Resistance software is required to get Holtrop
Resistance and Holtrop Power. The method used is the Holtrop method because the Holtrop method
is appropriate for use on ships that have a large block coefficient (Cb), which ranges from 0.7 to 0.9.
The following are the results of the Maxsurf Resistance analysis.
Table 2. Speed Variation
Knot
Holtrop Resist (N)
Holtrop Power (hp)
1
11.92
0.008
2
41.74
0.058
3
89.29
0.185
4
217.39
0.6
5
261.67
0.903
6
275.42
1.14
Figure 11. 1 knot speed
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5522
Figure 12. 2 knots speed
Figure 13. 3 knots speed
Figure 14. 4 knots speed
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5523
Figure 15. 5 knots speed
Figure 16. 6 knots speed
Maxsurf Stability
Based on Purwo and Iswadi's research in (2019), "Designing a Rubber-Coated Fiber
Glass Boat for Flood Disaster Evacuation" for a speed variation of 6 knots. Therefore, the
speed variation starts from 0 - 6 knots in this research. Maxurf Resistance software is
required to get Holtrop Resistance and Holtrop Power. The method used is the Holtrop
method because the Holtrop method is appropriate for use on ships that have a large block
coefficient (Cb), which ranges from 0.7 to 0.9. The following are the results of the Maxsurf
Resistance analysis.
1. Condition 1 - folding boat + folding chair + boat engine + engine operator
Table 3. Condition 1
Condition
Criteria
Value
Units
Actual
Status
Area 0 to 30 (>)
3.151
m.deg
14.5863
Pass
Area 0 to 40 (>)
5.157
m.deg
21.2327
Pass
1
Area 30 to 40 (>)
1.719
m.deg
6.6464
Pass
Max GZ at 30 or
greater (≥)
0.2
m
0.671
Pass
Angle of maximum
GZ (≥)
25
meg
41.8
Pass
Initian GMt (≥)
0.15
m
4.245
Pass
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2. Condition 2 - folding boat + folding chair + boat engine + engine operator + 1 passenger
Table 5. Condition 2
Condition
Criteria
Value
Units
Actual
Status
Area 0 to 30 (>)
3.151
m.deg
12.715
Pass
Area 0 to 40 (>)
5.157
m.deg
18.5043
Pass
Area 30 to 40 (>)
1.719
m.deg
5.7893
Pass
2
Max GZ at 30 or
greater (≥)
0.2
m
0.583
Pass
Angle of maximum
GZ (≥)
25
meg
38.2
Pass
Initian GMt (≥)
0.15
m
3.068
Pass
3. Condition 3 - folding boat + folding chair + boat engine + engine operator + 2 passengers
Table 6. Condition 3
Condition
Criteria
Value
Units
Actual
Status
Area 0 to 30 (>)
3.151
m.deg
11.3813
Pass
Area 0 to 40 (>)
5.157
m.deg
16.6324
Pass
Area 30 to 40 (>)
1.719
m.deg
5.2512
Pass
3
Max GZ at 30 or
greater (≥)
0.2
m
0.527
Pass
Angle of maximum
GZ (≥)
25
meg
37.3
Pass
Initian GMt (≥)
0.15
m
2.405
Pass
4. Condition 4 - folding boat + folding chair + boat engine + engine operator + 3 passengers
Table 7. Condition 4
Condition
Criteria
Value
Units
Actual
Status
Area 0 to 30 (>)
3.151
m.deg
10.1353
Pass
Area 0 to 40 (>)
5.157
m.deg
14.9724
Pass
Area 30 to 40 (>)
1.719
m.deg
4.837
Pass
4
Max GZ at 30 or
greater (≥)
0.2
m
0.527
Pass
Angle of maximum
GZ (≥)
25
meg
39.1
Pass
Initian GMt (≥)
0.15
m
1.95
Pass
5. Condition 5 - folding boat + folding chair + boat engine + engine operator + 4 passengers
Table 6. Condition 5
Condition
Criteria
Value
Units
Actual
Status
Area 0 to 30 (>)
3.151
m.deg
9.2933
Pass
Area 0 to 40 (>)
5.157
m.deg
13.8521
Pass
Area 30 to 40 (>)
1.719
m.deg
4.5588
Pass
5
Max GZ at 30 or
greater (≥)
0.2
m
0.459
Pass
Angle of maximum
GZ (≥)
25
meg
39.1
Pass
Initian GMt (≥)
0.15
m
1.645
Pass
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6. Condition 6 - folding boat + folding chair + boat engine + engine operator + 5 passengers
Table 7. Condition 6
Condition
Criteria
Value
Units
Actual
Status
Area 0 to 30 (>)
3.151
m.deg
8.6748
Pass
Area 0 to 40 (>)
5.157
m.deg
13.0396
Pass
Area 30 to 40 (>)
1.719
m.deg
4.3648
Pass
6
Max GZ at 30 or
greater (≥)
0.2
m
0.44
Pass
Angle of maximum
GZ (≥)
25
meg
39.1
Pass
Initian GMt (≥)
0.15
m
1.43
Pass
Block Coefficient
To get the block coefficient value, complete data is needed to calculate the block
coefficient. Data was obtained in volume (displaced) of 1,903 𝑚
3
, boat length of 3,115 m,
boat width of 1,551 m, and boat draft of 0.47. From these data, then, enter the Cb calculation.
There is a difference that shows the accurate level of simulation in Maxsurf. Manual
calculations get a Cb value of 0.838, while simulation calculations in Maxsurf get a Cb value
of 0.842. So, the difference between manual calculations and simulation calculations in
Maxsurf is 0.004. The block coefficient value is always in the range of 0 to 1.
Deadweight Tonnage (DWT)
To get the Deadweight Tonnage (DWT) value, complete data is needed to calculate
Deadweight Tonnage (DWT). Data is required on boat length, boat width, drafts such as
light draft and load draft, Cb, and freshwater density of 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
3
. From this data, then
enter the Deadweight Tonnage (DWT) calculation. So, the folding boat design can be loaded
with a load of 416 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 0.416 𝑇𝑜𝑛 (Machfudin & Mujahid, 2018).
Draft
To get the draft value, complete data is needed to calculate the draft. Data on cargo
load, boat length, boat width, and freshwater density of 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 are required
3
. From these
data then enter the draft calculation.
Table 8. Draft
Condition
Draft
1
0.113 m
2
0.153 m
3
0.191 m
4
0.223 m
5
0.27 m
6
0.308 m
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5526
Condition 1 - Draft 0.113 m
Condition 2 - Draft 0.152 m
Condition 3 - Draft 0.191 m
Condition 4 - Draft 0.223 m
Condition 5 - Draft 0.27 m
Condition 6 - Draft 0.308 m
Based on the safe limit of 0.47 m. So, the results of each condition are at a safe and
stable level. This means the folding boat design is safe and according to the specified
specifications.
Conclusion
Then the boat specifications are obtained: DWT; 416 𝑘𝑔 or 0.416 𝑇𝑜𝑛, boat
dimensions (pxl); 3,115 × 1,551, folding boat price Rp. 5,404,100 (without engine) and Rp.
23,005,575 (with engine), passenger capacity can load at least 4 people, Cb; 0.842, boat
mass; 82.4 kg, and IMO Standard; Pass
Draft
Draft
Draft
Draft
Draft
Draft
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 2024 5527
The results of Maxsurf Resistance with a speed of 6 knots using the Holtrop Resistance
method of 275.42 N and Holtrop Power of 1.14 hp so that more than 1.14 hp engine power
is needed, a 5 HP L HD5F Outboard Engine weighing 21 kg is obtained. The simulation
results of 6 conditions in Maxsurf Stability have passed the test of the IMO (International
Maritime Organization) Code A.749 (18) Chapter 3 - Design Criteria Applicable to All
Ships.
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