Faqih El Wafa
Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Email: faqihelwafa@uin-antasari.ac.id
*Correspondence
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INFO ARTIKEL |
ABSTRACT |
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Keywords: syariah bank; customer; Indonesian
workers. |
Limited access to
Indonesian Islamic banking services abroad presents a challenge for
Indonesian migrant workers who need secure financial services to manage their
earnings and prepare for economic activities after returning home. This study
aims to identify the determinants influencing Indonesian migrant workers’
decisions to become customers of Bank Syariah Indonesia. The study employed a
descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews with
Indonesian migrant workers in Asian and Middle Eastern countries and
supported by literature on Islamic banking and migrant workers. The findings
show that the main determinants are the prohibition of interest, the
profit-sharing principle, religious and emotional affinity, friendly services,
and confidence in the bank’s soundness. However, limited overseas branches,
automated teller machines, promotion, public understanding, and service
facilities restrict accessibility. The study concludes that compliance with
Islamic principles, particularly the interest-free profit-sharing system, is
the strongest determinant of migrant workers’ decisions to use Islamic
banking services.
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Introduction
Indonesia is one of the countries in Southeast Asia that
sends a large number of workers abroad. One factor that supports the increase
in the number of Indonesian workers (TKI) is the lack of employment which
results in high unemployment. On the other hand, sending labor can increase
Indonesia's economic growth because it is one of the potential sources of
foreign exchange. This shows that there are more job opportunities abroad.
According to the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration, in 2006 2.7 million
Indonesians were working officially abroad, occupying approximately 2.8 percent
of the total labor force in Indonesia. Most of the migrant workers abroad are
women who work as domestic helpers or service workers, they are concentrated in
Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the Middle East, especially in Malaysia.
Understanding Manpower is all matters related to labor
problems before, during, and after the working period (Law of the Republic of
Indonesia Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower), Labor in national development
is an important dynamic factor that determines the rate of economic growth both
in its position as a productive workforce and as a User. In addition to the Law
regulating employment. The constitutional basis governing employment is also
mentioned in the Preamble and Body of the 1945 Constitution of the State of the
Republic of Indonesia. Regarding the content of provisions in the trunk that
have relevance to labor issues, especially found in Article 27 paragraph (2) of
the 1945 Indonesian State Constitution which specifies that: "Every
citizen has the right to work and a decent living for humanity". Labor is
the backbone of increased development in general, and industrial growth in
particular. Therefore, all activities carried out by the workforce will contain
aspects of social relations, legal relations, and inter/internal organizational
relations that can give rise to rights and obligations and are carried out
based on the values contained in Pancasila.
The Indonesian government has implemented improving public
welfare with several cooperation programs with conventional banks and Islamic
banks. So it is hoped that migrant workers can create
jobs after the completion of the work contract period abroad. One of them is in
the form of a financing program or loan to open a business. This is one of the
dancing factors for migrant workers to become customers at Indonesian Sharia
banks. In addition, as part of the dual
banking system, the existence of Islamic banking currently continues to show
positive developments. Although the market share is only five percent, the
annual growth that reaches 40 percent is a proud signal to be maintained.
Identification of factors driving the progress of Islamic banks comes from
internal and external. Internal factors in the form of regulatory
sustainability. Two regulations significantly encourage the acceleration of
Islamic banking growth in the country, namely Law No. 21/2008 concerning Sharia
Banking and Value Added Tax (VAT) Law. Meanwhile, external factors are in the
form of global and national economic developments.
There are five strategies formulated by Bank Indonesia so
that Islamic banks can provide a positive boost to the national economy. First,
encouraging sharia financing to the productive sector; second, encouraging
product innovation so that it is not inferior to products marketed by
conventional banks; third, coordinating with the new supervisory institution,
namely the Financial Services Authority (OJK). The fourth strategy is to
encourage the efficiency of Islamic banks by synergizing with the parent bank;
Fifth, further increase socialization and education so that the positioning of
Islamic banks in the eyes of customers is stronger.
Based on the description above, researchers are interested in
examining in more detail what factors affect Indonesian workers to become
customers at Indonesian Sharia banks. Considering that Indonesian Sharia banks
themselves do not have many branches in various countries in Asia and the
Middle East many Indonesian women workers work there.
Research
Methods
This research is a qualitative descriptive
research. The object of this research is Indonesian Sharia banks and
Indonesian workers as participants. Bank Syariah Indonesia was chosen with
consideration as one of the financial service institutions that provide a large
contribution to the economy in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to
determine the determinants of the decision of Indonesian workers to become
customers at Indonesian Sharia banks. Data collection was carried out by
conducting random interviews with Indonesian workers in Asian and Middle Eastern
countries. Data analysis using descriptive qualitative analysis combined with
literature review studies that are relevant to the research theme to form a
theoretical basis.
Results and
Discussion
The issue of labor is one of the crucial hats in the
development goal to prosper the people. Because alleviating poverty cannot be
separated from solving labor problems. Macroeconomics deals with employment and
aggregate unemployment (as a whole): how many jobs are available in the economy
as a whole and how many people are willing to work but unable to find work.
National economic observers expressed their opinion that
sending workers abroad has a positive impact on the economy in Indonesia. Based
on the results of interviews with former Indonesian workers, they said that
being a migrant worker can change their economic conditions. After returning to
Indonesia, they hope to be able to do entrepreneurship from the capital
obtained during their time as migrant workers. So they
do not need to return to being migrant workers after the completion of the
contract. This also received appreciation from the government. Even the embassy
in Korea also has training for migrant workers in the country. With the hope
that after returning from Korea, peacocks will be able to establish a business.
There are three main reasons a country should encourage
existing small businesses to continue to thrive. The first reason is that in
general small businesses tend to perform better when it comes to producing a
productive workforce. Then the second reason often achieves increased
productivity through investment and technological change. This is part of the
dynamics of its business that continues to adjust to the times. For the third
reason, small businesses have an advantage in terms of flexibility compared to
large companies. The government also
collaborates with several banks in Indonesia, both conventional and Sharia
banks, to support the business programs of these migrant workers. Some of the
majority of participants also have the same opinion that they want to build a
business by storing their money in banks in Indonesia. Indonesian migrant
workers from the Middle East choose to become customers at Islamic banks
because they do not use the tire interest system so they assume they are free
from usury. Meanwhile, when viewed from its performance, Islamic and
conventional banks have similarities and differences. According to Muhammad
(2009), the fundamental thing that distinguishes Islamic and conventional banks
lies in the return and distribution of profits provided by customers to
financial institutions and/or given to financial institutions to customers. The
operational activities of Islamic banks use the principle of profit and loss
sharing. Sharia banks do not use interest on the use of funds and loans because
interest is riba which is forbidden.
The emergence of banks with Sharia principles certainly
triggers competition between banks. This situation requires bank management to
be extra hard in improving its performance (Subaweh,
2008). Public trust is a factor that will have an impact on the development of
banking companies. Because the banking industry is a business that relies on
trust, namely the trust of the public as users of banking services. When
there is an issue regarding the unhealthy condition of the bank, it does not
demand the possibility that the customer will immediately withdraw funds from
the bank, resulting in further worsening the condition of the bank. Based on
the results of the study, it showed that participants felt comfortable being
customers of Islamic banks because they had very friendly bank services and
were free from unhealthy issues. Why bank financial performance must always be
analyzed for its health level, is none other than because the banking industry
has an important function in supporting a country's economy. According to Sun
(2011), bank health level analysis is important in a company to provide
incentives and self-control and is an important channel for company
stakeholders to obtain company performance information. The results of
financial performance analysis will also be useful to gain and maintain
customer trust.
In Islamic banks, profit-sharing patterns that are comparable
to customers are also one of the factors that increase customer confidence. If
the amount of tire profit is greater, it is also followed by the results
received by the customer, and vice versa. The amount of profit sharing that
from time to time decreases indicates
that bank management is declining. This situation is a transparent and easy
early warning for customers. Unlike conventional banking, customers do not can
judge performance only based on the interest earned. However, this was not
found against the experience of participants in this study.
The migrant workers who work in the Middle East and Asian
countries are mostly Muslim women. So they tend to
choose Islamic banks over conventional banks. One of the factors that influence
it is that they feel emotionally comfortable and have the same understanding as
fellow Muslims. Antonio (2008) explains:
1. The advantages of Islamic
Banks are mainly in the strong religious emotional ties between shareholders,
bank managers, and customers. From this emotional bond, togetherness can be
developed in dealing with business risks and sharing profits honestly and fairly.
2. With religious attachment,
all parties involved in Bank Islam are trying their best with the experience of
their religious teachings so that whatever results are obtained are believed to
bring blessings.
3. There are financing
facilities (Al-Mudharabah and Al-Musyarakah)
that do not burden customers from the beginning with the obligation to pay fees
regularly. Hi, this is to provide the psychological leeway needed by the client
to be able to try calmly and earnestly.
4. With the existence of a profit-sharing
system for depositing funds after an early warning is available about the state
of the bank that can be known at any time from the ups and downs of the amount
of profit sharing received.
5. The implementation of the
profit-sharing system and the abandonment of the interest system made Islamic
banks more independent from the effects of monetary turmoil both from within
and from abroad.
But besides the advantages of Islamic banks, of course, they
cannot be separated from their weaknesses. One of them is the presence of
Islamic banks which are still minimal. Moreover, there is no foreign country,
making it difficult for migrant workers to make transactions. This has been
followed up by BSI President Director Hery Gunardi
stated that the opening of BSI's representative office in Dubai at the
beginning of this year will be a special gift and hub for national Islamic
banking. "We will also see the right time officially in the first quarter
of 2022. The office in Dubai will be able to operate and be able to carry out
its duties as mandated by us," said Henry, in a press conference exposing
BSI's performance, on Wednesday (2/2/2022).
Adiwarman in Sulistiyawan
(2015), stated that six weaknesses of Sharia Banks cause
there are still few people to become Sharia Bank customers. The weaknesses
include (1) the Promotion of Islamic banks is not comprehensive to various
communities, (2) Offices are owned by few, (3) Public ignorance, (4) Small
number of automated teller machine (ATM) facilities, (5) Products are not known
to the public is not known to the public, (6) Lack of facilities. In addition,
the weaknesses of Islamic banks are as follows: The network of Islamic Bank
offices is not yet extensive, the human resources of Islamic Banks are still
small, public understanding of Islamic Banks is still lacking, and misassessment of projects has greater consequences than
conventional banks. Thus, it is not surprising that Sharia bank customers are
Muslim migrant workers from the Middle East with a relatively small number.
Conclusion
Sharia banking is often referred to as Islamic banking,
namely banking whose implementation is based on Islamic law. Based on Islamic
law, Sharia banking does not recognize interest but a profit-sharing system or
ratio whose process is equally known by the bank and customers. This is the
strongest determination for Indonesian workers who choose to become customers
at Islamic banks.
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