p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 4, No. 10 October 2023 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Doi: 10.59141/jist.v4i10.750 1694

STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF PVD AND PH.D. JOINTS ON VERTICAL

DRAINAGE PERFORMANCE

Meylani Nurul Hidayah

, Hary Christady Hardiyatmo

, Agus Darmawan Adi

Universitas Gadjah Mada Jogja, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

*Correspondence

INFO ARTIKEL

ABSTRACT

Keywords: pvd-phd

connection; discharge capacity;

hydraulic gradient; overburden

pressure.

An important factor for increasing the effectiveness of the PVD

(Prefabricated Vertical Drains) is the value of sufficient discharge

capacity so that the PVD can work optimally. The use of PVD is usually

accompanied by the use of PHD (Prefabricated Horizontal Drains) as

horizontal drainage and combined with preloading. In the field, the

connection is made by winding the PVD to the PHD and then tying it

with cable ties. The connection system can cause deformation at the top

of the PVD thereby reducing the effectiveness of the PVD discharge

capacity. This study aims to find the optimal PVD-PHD connection

system for the discharge capacity which is affected by confinement

pressure, overburden pressure, and hydraulic gradient with a PVD-PHD

connection system discharge capacity tester. The test specimens used

were PVD (5mm thick; 100mm wide) and Ph.D. (20 mm thick; wide:

100 mm, 200mm, and 300mm). 4 types of connection systems have been

tried, namely connections A1 and A2 where the PHD is connected in a

horizontal position, and connections B1 and B2 where the PHD is

connected in a vertical position. Of the four connection systems B1, the

connection system has the largest discharge capacity value and a

significant increase in PHD width from 100 mm to 300 mm with an

increase of 7.694% at 50 kPa overburden pressure and 1.0 hydraulic

gradient the highest compared to other connection types.

Introduction

Ground improvement is a way to improve the technical properties of soil, such as

shear strength, stiffness, and permeability (Nakhe, 2021). The properties of soft soil can

disrupt the stability of the infrastructure that stands on it. To prevent damage to

infrastructure before development, it is necessary to consolidate the land (Azevedo de

Almeida & Mostafavi, 2016) (McFarland, Larsen, Yeshitela, Engida, & Love, 2019).

However, the low permeability of soft soils causes the consolidation process to take a

long time, so soil improvement that may be carried out is vertical drainage combined with

preloading. Vertical drainage that is often used is prefabricated vertical drainage (PVD)

which is ribbon-shaped with a rectangular appearance and made of geosynthetics. The

function of PVD is to facilitate the radial flow of water from the consolidated soil,

transporting it in a vertical direction and discharging it into the drainage layer with the

smallest possible hydraulic resistance (Chung, Kweon, & Jang, 2014). Usually pore water

in the soil that flows out through PVD is received by the sand blanket as horizontal

drainage, and then flowed into the sewer.

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The use of PVD has been widely researched and applied worldwide in soft soil

improvement projects over the past few decades (Bo, Arulrajah, Horpibulsuk,

Chinkulkijniwat, & Leong, 2016) (Jang, Kim, & Lee, 2015)(Nguyen & Kim, 2019) (Lam,

Bergado, & Hino, 2015). PVD is considered more effective, efficient, and economical

than other types of vertical drainage. In addition to PVD, horizontal drainage is also

developed, namely PHD (Prefabricated Horizontal Drains). The use of PHD is more

recommended to be used as horizontal drainage in vertical drainage systems to channel

to the sewer because it can save costs and be more measurable. The use of PHD in the

field is usually used instead of or combined with a sand blanket (PANJAITAN, 2021).

The connection of the PVD and Ph.D. in the field is usually done by hooking the

PVD to the Ph.D. or by winding the PVD to the Ph.D. and then tying using cable ties.

Regarding the type of PVD-PHD bond, there is no specific standard that can be used as a

reference. In Bina Marga (2016) the installation of PHD on PVD has not been explained

about the connection procedure. (Chrismaningwang et al., 2022) PVD-PHD connection

by tying with cable ties has a large enough reduction in discharge capacity both on clean

and dirty sand media due to deformation in the connection so that the connection is not

recommended for use in the field due to deformation at the top of PVD, so the connection

is not recommended.

PVD deformation due to folding, wrinkling, bending, and twisting due to a large

decrease in consolidation can have a considerable influence on the effectiveness of PVD

(Chrismaningwang, Hardiyatmo, Adi, & Fathani, 2021). and reduce discharge capacity

and significantly or totally (Cao, Zhang, Xu, & Xu, 2021) (Bo et al., 2016). also explain

that under clay confinement, PVD discharge capacity can also be significantly reduced,

due to channel deformation and blockage. Discharge capacity is one of the factors

influencing PVD behavior (Hansbo, Jamiolkowski, & Kok, 1981) (Miura & Chai, 2000).

This study intends to refine/improve PVD and PHD splicing systems to determine

the most effective connection to vertical drainage performance of discharge capacity

affected by confining pressure, overburden pressure, and hydraulic gradient as well as

sand blanket bridle media that present conditions in the field. Studies on PVD-PHD

splicing are still very limited, for that it is necessary to conduct more in-depth studies.

These studies, it is expected to contribute to and complement previous studies.

Research Methods

Discharge Capacity

Hansbo (1983) describes discharge capacity (qw) as the volume of water per unit

of time that can flow along the PVD core in the axial direction under the unit hydraulic

gradient (Tran-Nguyen, Edil, & Schneider, 2010). The discharge capacity regulating PVD

performance thereby affects the consolidation rate (Lee, Yang, Kang, Park, & Choi, 2022)

(Deng, Liu, Lu, & Xie, 2014). Flow capacity or discharge capacity (qw) is a very

important parameter in determining PVD design and performance. PVD must have

sufficient tensile strength and discharge capacity to be used effectively in the soil

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improvement process. PVD discharge capacity will decrease when the filter is depressed

by lateral ground pressure. The discharge capacity is expressed by the following equation:

q_w=Q/i (1)

where Q is the volume of water released by PVD per unit of time (m3/sec) and i is

the hydraulic gradient. The qw value will be used to formulate the relationship between

qw and restraint pressure and hydraulic gradient, as well as to determine the equivalence

value of PHD with a sand blanket.

Test Equipment

PVD and PHD system discharge capacity testing was carried out using a special

tool developed by Chrismaningwang 2022 which was designed to refer to ASTM D4716

standards. This test tool aims to determine the effect of the PVD-PHD connection method

on its discharge capacity. In this study, the test equipment can present conditions in the

field, where PVD experiences restrained pressure in the form of lateral soil pressure, and

PHD experiences overbuden pressure in the form of heap soil (Siswanto, Wijaya, &

Widawati, 2023) (Aini, Maulana, & Santoso, 2023).

Test Specimen

PVD and PHD are geocomposite materials consisting of an outer casing generally

made of non-woven geotextiles to envelop the plastic core and core consisting of plastic

folds or knitted plastic threads or other materials (Gries, Raina, Quadflieg, & Stolyarov,

2016). The Directorate General of Highways (2016) also explained that the function of

the core is to support the filter layer and allow the passage of water flow along the

drainage and the function of the blanket is to separate the core from the surrounding soil

and filter to limit the escape of soil to the core. Menon et al. (2021) conducted a study on

the process of PHD-induced consolidation in clay deposits investigated with a numerical

approach. PHD was found to significantly speed up the consolidation process in soft soils,

and its effects were found to be most pronounced in highly plastic soils

Various PVD-PHD Splicing and Test Methods

Discharge capacity testing on various PVD and PHD connection systems is carried

out to determine the effectiveness of various PVD and PHD connection systems. Testing

the discharge capacity of this connection system using PVD-T5 test specimens wrapped

in a latex membrane (as a separator for test specimens with bridle) with a length of 0.50

m mounted on a compression tube with water bridle media with an extension of 0.30 m

without a latex membrane then connected with PHD-W100, PHD-W200, and PHD-W300

with a length of 0.30 m in the compression box, The test sketch can be seen in Figure 1

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Figure 1. Test sketches

Tests are carried out with variations in specimen dimensions, hydraulic gradient,

and overburden pressure. The bridle pressure (σ_c) applied to the fixed / constant

compression cylinder is 100 kPa. The overburden pressure (σ_ov) is applied to the PVD-

PHD connection system and the sand blanket is applied gradually from 50 kPa to 200

kPa. The hydraulic gradient used is 0.2; 0,5; and 1, Chai and Miura (1999) argue the

hydraulic gradient suggested for discharge capacity testing should range between 0.1-1

used to keep the flow in PVD always in a laminar state.

Results and Discussion

1. Discharge Capacity Test on PVD-PHD Connection

From the test results of various types of connections, the value of discharge capacity

varies even with the same PVD and PHD width. The following graph of the relationship

between discharge capacity and PHD width in various connection types is presented in

Figure 7 – 10.

2. Effect of Overburden Pressure, Hydraulic Gradient, and PHD Width on

Discharge Capacity in PVD-PHD Connection

Figure 6-10 shows that all connection types have the largest discharge capacity

value at i = 0.2 and PHD width W = 300 mm. The effect of Ph.D. width in general, also

has something in common, namely the wider the Ph.D., the greater the discharge

produced. The effect of overburden pressure and hydraulic gradient on discharge capacity

in PVD-PHD joints. The effect of hydraulic gradients on all variations, in general, has

something in common, namely when the value of the hydraulic gradient is small and the

discharge capacity is high. For the effect of overburden pressure on discharge capacity,

which is when overburden pressure increases, discharge capacity decreases. The

following is similar to the statement Bergado 1996 which says discharge capacity

decreases at times of high I because energy loss and flow decrease almost linearly as

ground pressure increases (Bergado, Manivannan, & Balasubramaniam, 1996).

When viewed from the variation in PHD width, the B1 connection type on average

shows a significant increase compared to other connection types in all overload pressures.

Increased discharge capacity value at all joints from Ph.D. width 100 mm to 300 mm at

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overburden pressure 50 kPa and hydraulic gradient 1.0; 0,5; and 0.2 A1 (0.811%; 2.034%;

4.889%), A2 (0.600%; 2.908%; 5.404%), B1 (3.248%; 5.767%; 7.694), and B2 (1.816%;

3.393%; 6.1.01%).

Figure 1

Variation of discharge capacity in various types of PVDT5-PHD connections to

PHD width at an overburden pressure of 50 kPa

Figure 2

Variation of discharge capacity in various types of PVDT5-PHD connections to

PHD width at an overburden pressure of 100 kPa

0 100 200 300

Kapasitas debit

(×10

-5

/s)

Lebar PHD (W, mm)

PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=0,2

0 100 200 300

Kapasitas debit

(×10

-5

/s)

Lebar PHD (W, mm)

PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=0,2

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Figure 3

Variation of discharge capacity in various types of PVDT5-PHD connections to

PHD width at an overburden pressure of 150 kPa

Figure 4

Variation of discharge capacity in various types of PVDT5-PHD connections to

PHD width at an overburden pressure of 200 kPa

Conclusion

The effect of overburden pressure and hydraulic gradient on the discharge capacity

of PVD-PHD joints is described as follows. The results of the test show that when the

overburden pressure increases, the discharge capacity decreases. This is due to the

reduction in the cross-sectional area of PHD so that it narrows and disrupts the flow of

0 100 200 300

Kapasitas debit

(×10

-5

/s)

Lebar PHD (W, mm)

PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=0,2

0 100 200 300

Kapasitas debit

(×10

-5

/s)

Lebar PHD (W,mm)

PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-A1, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-A2, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-B1, i=0,2

PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=1,0 PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=0,5 PVDT5-PHD-B2, i=0,2

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water. For hydraulic gradients, the results show that when the hydraulic gradient is high,

the value of the discharge capacity decreases due to the loss of flow energy. The type of

A1 connection and A2 connection have relatively the same discharge quality value, this

proves that the connection by attaching the PVD filter with PHD both outside and inside

does not have a big effect. Connection B1 and connection B2 have different discharge

capacities, connection B1 has a greater value than B2. This proves that the entry of PVD

cores into the PHD and flanking them is not effective in increasing the value of discharge

capacity, but only by attaching between PVD cores and PHD can produce better discharge

capacity.

For PVD-PHD connections horizontally (A) and vertically (B) in each PHD width

variation both produce a fairly good discharge capacity, but connections with vertical

variations, especially B1 produce the best connection performance. The use of horizontal

connections (A) is less recommended because when the horizontal position is wide, the

cross-section that affects the pile load or overburden pressure is wider so that if the load

is uneven, it will easily deform. This research is still in the early stages because there are

still many variations of research that need to be tried. Like testing time, testing is still

done with a short-term time (short-term) so it is very necessary to do with long-term

testing (long-term). Tests on PVD compression cylinders still use water bridle media that

has not described the situation in the field, namely with clay bridle, so the effect of fine

grain infiltration on PVD is not yet known. There is no consideration of the effect of soil

disturbance (smear zone) on the discharge capacity of the connection.

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