p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 3, No. 12 December 2023 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Doi: 10.59141/jist.v3i12.732 1385

FEAR OF MISSING OUT PADA GENERASI Z DI STMIK AKI

Ari Yunus Hendrawan

STMIK AKI Pati, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

*Correspondence

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Accepted

: 11-12-2022

Revised

: 15-12-2022

Approved

: 16-12-2022

Generation Z is the generation that now dominates the population in

Indonesia, namely 27.94%, Generation Z Not the same as teenagers of

previous generations, teenagers and Generation Z have characteristics:

likes instantly, wants a multi-tasking career (doing several activities at

one time), seeking a lot of experience, being familiar with sophisticated

gadgets, being active on social media, likes online shopping, likes new

technology, fears of being outdated, this has a good impact on the

development of Generation Z, especially in this Generation is the

Decisive generation in the Church to carry out the Vision of the Church

reaching out to the World for the Gospel, but also The bad problem

experienced by the Generation, namely fear of missing out (FOMO),

according to psychology this is due to the low fulfillment of

psychological needs in autonomy and relatedness that occur in the

livelihoods of Generation Z children, because this research was

conducted to find out the Description of Generation Z Conditions

fostered at AKI University with 122 students, using a descriptive

quantitative method. The measuring instrument used in this study is the

Scale adapted from the Fear of Missing Out's Scale by Przybylski which

is compiled based on the factors causing fear of missing out. The results

of this study showed that of the 122 study subjects, in general as many

as 94 people (77%) were at high levels of FoMO and as many as 28

people (23%) were at a low level. It can be concluded that in general

FoMO in the research subjects of social media users at AKI University

is relatively high because as many as 94 people have a score above 23

Keywords: generation Z; fear

of missing out; autonomy;

relatedness.

Introduction

The Population Census conducted by the Indonesian government in December 2020

revealed that Indonesia had a population of 271,530,000 people, with the largest

demographic being Generation Z, totaling 75,815,190 individuals, or approximately

27.94% (Statistik, 2021). Teenagers aged between 10-19 years fall into the Generation Z

category in Sociology because they were born between 1995-2010. Those born before

1995 are referred to as the Traditional Generation (1922-1945), Generation X or Baby

Boomers (1946-1965), and Generation Y (1966-1994), while those born after 2010 are

called Generation Alpha (2011-present).

Unlike teenagers from previous generations, Generation Z teenagers exhibit

characteristics such as a preference for instant gratification, a desire for multitasking

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2022 1386

careers (performing multiple activities simultaneously), seeking various experiences,

familiarity with advanced gadgets, active engagement in social media, online shopping,

an affinity for new technology, a fear of missing out on trends, and the use of smartphones

to stay connected with anyone they desire. However, concerns have arisen that

smartphones can sometimes reduce social interaction among Generation Z

(Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas 2016). Teenagers' behavior regarding social media has

been extensively studied. In addition to seeking information online, they also play video

games and listen to music simultaneously. Internet dependency has become

commonplace, especially in areas with internet access. The report from the Indonesian

Internet Service Providers Association (APJII) notes that 91% of internet users in society

are under 25 years old (Christina, Yuniardi, & Prabowo, 2019).

JWT Intelligence in 2012 stated that there is a trend among children using the

internet leading to the fear of missing out (FOMO), which is categorized as one of the

disturbances in teenage behavior, affecting up to 40%. One effect of FOMO is anxiety

and the fear of missing the latest news, leading them to feel disconnected from the positive

aspects of social media (PUTRI, Purnama, & Idi, 2019). Przybylski noted that the

consequences of FOMO include the fear of missing out on the latest news. FOMO has

become a phenomenon among teenagers, causing restlessness and anxiety when they

cannot see or know what their friends or acquaintances are doing through their social

media (Przybylski et al. 2013).

Another impact of FOMO is psychological distress. A survey conducted by the

Healthy Minds Network for Research on Adolescent and Young Adult Mental Health and

the American College Health Association among 18,764 Generation Z individuals found

that the prevalence of depression among Generation Z increased during the COVID-19

pandemic, reaching 40.9%. In the past 12 months, similar anxiety-related factors affected

27.8%. It was reported that five features of psychological distress, including depression

(20.2%) and stress (34.2%), significantly influenced their academic performance and

disrupted their schoolwork. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were also found to

significantly contribute to psychological distress (Devi Jatmika 1390). Previous research

has identified that indifferent behavior toward socializing with others can affect their

interpersonal relationships, leading to discomfort, internet addiction, gaming addiction,

fear of missing out (FOMO), lack of self-control, and anxiety (Al‐Saggaf & O’Donnell,

2019). Given these issues, the Church can address them by maximizing Personal

Discipleship for Generation Z, following what the Lord Jesus did for His disciples, and

building spirituality like Christ's.

Adhika Tri Subowo mentioned that digital spirituality can be used to build the

spirituality of Generation Z. The study used a literature review as the research method.

The result is that cyberspace has become a part of the development of Generation Z's

spirituality. The Church can play an active role in guiding Generation Z, helping them

find the spiritual strength to face their challenges (Utami & Aviani, 2021). The inactivity

of the Church could result in the loss of Generation Z within the Church. Generation Z

often discusses issues on social media, and social media has a significant influence on

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their lives. In the current situation experienced by Generation Z, the Church must actively

reach out to them and build spirituality through social media (Subowo, 2021).

Furthermore, according to research by Yakub Hendrawan Warin Angin et al. in 2020,

Christian families play a crucial role in guiding Generation Z, particularly the parents, the

family, the Church, and the global community (Halim, 2022).

The primary calling of pastors is to set an example through their discipleship to

Christ, which is an everlasting legacy for their children. The role of parents is significant

and influences children's lives, especially in the digital era. It has been proven that a

father's role has a significant impact on the behavior and character development of their

children. Being effective parents for children requires setting an example and modeling

the teachings they want to impart. Children are keen observers and imitators of their

parents' attitudes and behaviors. Fathers are the primary and most important figures for

children, so parents are encouraged to model the way of life of Jesus Christ, thereby

passing on the same example to their children and providing them with advice on how

they want to think, feel, and live as Christians like Christ. The family is one of the

fundamental units in shaping society, where the family reflects the relationship between

humans and God and is the mirror that unites love among different people. Thus, the

formation of families should be the result of interpersonal relationships that form intimacy

by following God's example (Hendrawan Perangin Angin et al., n.d.).

Because of these Generation Z issues, it is crucial to research to ensure that empirical

coverage (field or phenomena) matches theoretical truth or assumptions through an

inductive approach that starts from empirical observations, followed by measurement and

testing, and ultimately leads to the conclusion or theory of something new. In this journal,

the focus is on descriptive quantitative research, accurately presenting the results and

variables of Generation Z at STMIK AKI to obtain comprehensive information about

what Generation Z at STMIK AKI is experiencing.

Definition Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)

Przybylski's research defines this phenomenon as a pervasive apprehension that

others might behave in rewarding experiences from which one is absent, FoMO is

characterized by the desire to stay continually connected with what others are doing.

According to (Przybylski et al. 2013), what was stated above about FoMO is what Gen Z

experiences when they see other people experiencing things that are considered good and

proud but feel inferior because they don't experience them, so they will always want to

see and know what is happening with people who they think are good. Here's the

understanding too. FoMO also explains that people who are worried about what other

people or friends have always wanted to see and pay attention to then go out through their

phones or social media by making a status. Status on Facebook, Instagram even

WhatsApp status itself. FoMO is also the result of technological developments that are

currently highly developed (Fang, Wang, Wen, & Zhou, 2020). Kecamasan dan

kegalauan itu merupakan hal yang dianggap biasa pada masa sekarang dan menjadi hal

yang aneh apabila tidak mengetahui update update berita yg dialami oleh teman atau

orang lain (Ruscio et al. 2008).

Ari Yunus Hendrawan

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2022 1388

Factors of Fear of Missing Out

Psychologically, the FoMO phenomenon can be explained through self-

determination theory. (“Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human

Behavior,” n.d.) Mentions self-determination as a person's capacity to choose and have

several choices in determining an action, determination, or determination on a goal to be

achieved. Aspects of self-determination theory can be predictors of optimal human

functioning in various areas of life (van den Broeck et al. 2010). Self-determination theory

(SDT) is a multidimensional framework that includes two types of motivation. Motivation

is intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the drive to do

something based on positive feelings that arise and it is related to autonomy and

competence. Autonomy can be increased by giving gentle and appreciative instructions.

However, autonomy can also be reduced if choice and freedom are taken. In terms of

competence, a competent person will experience an increase in his intrinsic motivation.

Extrinsic motivation is to do something because it will bring benefits or help avoid

punishment.

Research Methods

Research Variables

In this study, a variable was set, namely Fear of missing out experienced by

students who were under the guidance of The Great Commission studying at STMIK AKI

Operational Definition of Research

According to Azwar (“Penyusunan Skala Psikologi,” n.d.) An operational

definition is a definition of a variable made based on the observed characteristics of that

variable.

Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) is when a person feels anxious when they don't have

a valuable experience, while others feel it. FoMO is known for its desire to stay connected

to what others are doing. The FoMO phenomenon can be experienced through two

fundamental things: the fulfillment of individual psychological needs in everyday life.

that is :

a. Relatedness is how much a person desires to be understood, cared for, and

appreciated is the extent to which a person wants to be understood, loved, and

appreciated by others. When the person gives a low score, the person values others,

increases intimacy, and empathy, and wants to help others. Having a high score

means that the person does not value others, does not increase intimacy, and lacks

empathy and a sense of helping others. Kinship relationships have 7 beneficial factors

b. Autonomy is the extent to which a person can judge himself in defining his own life,

can be independent, and can maintain personal standards, self-regulation, and self-

evaluation. If you have a high score, you will rely on the judgment and expectations

of others and trust the judgment of others more to make important decisions.

Autonomy has three factors. favorable.

Research Subjects

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a. Research Population

According to (Nurizzati, n.d.) Population is a general area consisting of objects or

subjects that have certain qualities and characteristics that researchers determine to

observe and then draw conclusions. The population in this study is Generation Z

(students) of The Great Commission Ministry who study at STMIK AKI Semarang as

many as 122 people.

b. Research Sample

Samples represent a portion of both the quantity and characteristics possessed by

the population (Nurizzati, n.d.). The sample taken from the population must be

representative. In this research, the sample consists of Generation Z (students) studying

at STMIK AKI who know how to fill out questionnaires and have social networks.

The sampling method used in this research is a saturated sampling method or

census, meaning the entire population is used as the sample. Therefore, the number of

samples used in this research is 122 individuals.

Data Collection Method

The data collection method in this research is carried out to investigate the facts

about the observed variables using the appropriate and efficient method (“Penyusunan

Skala Psikologi,” n.d.). The data collection method used in this research is a psychological

scale.

Testing the Validity and Reliability of the Measurement Instrument

a. Validity of the Measurement Instrument

The validity of a measurement instrument reveals how well it can measure the

attributes it is intended to measure. In research, validity serves to determine whether a

measurement instrument created can accurately measure the research variables. The

validity test used in this research is content validity. Content validity assesses the extent

to which the items on the comprehensive scale cover all aspects of the research and their

level of relevance. Content validity can be assessed using expert judgment ("Penyusunan

Skala Psikologi," n.d.).

b. Reliability of the Measurement Instrument

The reliability of a measurement instrument examines the consistency or

trustworthiness of the measurement results, which includes the precision of the

measurement. A measurement instrument is considered reliable if it can be used multiple

times to measure the same object and yield consistent results. The reliability test used in

this research is the internal consistency reliability approach (Cronbach's alpha

coefficient), where the scale is administered once to a group of respondents in a single

trial.

Reliability is expressed using the reliability coefficient (r) within the range of zero

to one. A higher reliability value approaching 1 indicates higher reliability, while a value

closer to zero indicates lower reliability.

Research Implementation Procedure

Research Preparation Phase

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In conducting this research, there are several preparations that a researcher must

make, including:

a. Design of Research Tools and Instruments

In this phase, the researcher used a measurement instrument in the form of the "Fear

of Missing Out" scale (Przybylski et al. 2013), which provides a set of explanations for

the factors causing the fear of missing out. The higher the score obtained, the greater the

self-image of fear of missing out, and the lower the score obtained, the lower the self-

image of fear of missing out. The scale consists of 10 items that assess or measure the

two factors causing the fear of missing out: relationships and autonomy.

The Fear of Missing Out scale is provided in the form of positively worded

statements with ratings: 1 (not at all like me), 2 (a little like me), 3 (somewhat like me),

4 (mostly like me), and 5 (exactly like me).

The researcher then requested permission from the instrument's author, Andrew K.

Przybylski, to use the Fear of Missing Out scale. Upon obtaining approval, the researcher

translated all the items of the "Fear of Missing Out" measurement into Indonesian. The

researcher also conducted a readability test to assess whether the questionnaire items were

well-worded, clear, easy to understand, accurately represented the range, had good

grammar, and was free from technical errors.

b. Instrument Pilot Testing

The aim is to determine the extent to which the measurement instrument can

accurately reveal what it intends to measure and how well it can provide a complete or

accurate picture of a measurement or reflect the actual state of affairs.

The scale was tested on a sample with characteristics similar to the subjects. The

data obtained were then processed through validity and reliability testing. Based on the

results of the validity test, all data were found to be valid. The reliability test in this

research used the criterion (Siddik, Mafaza, & Sembiring, 2020) that a measurement

instrument can be considered good (reliable) if it has a reliability value of more than 0.6.

The test result showed a value of 0.829. Therefore, based on the reliability result, it can

be said that the Fear of Missing Out measurement in this research is reliable.

Permission Request

The researcher will then apply for permission from Universitas AKI to distribute

questionnaires and collect data for analysis. Once permission is obtained, the researcher

can distribute the questionnaires.

a. Research Implementation Phase

Data collection is carried out by distributing the Fear of Missing Out scale to every

student (Generation Z) at STMIK AKI Semarang.

b. Data Processing Phase

After completing the research and collecting data using the Fear of Missing Out

scale, the researcher will process the data using SPSS version 23.0 for Windows.

Data Analysis Method

The data obtained through the Fear of Missing Out scale will be analyzed using

descriptive statistics. From this analysis, data such as minimum score, maximum score,

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mean, standard deviation, and percentage will be obtained using statistical analysis

software, SPSS version 23.0 for Windows. The collected data will be analyzed to provide

answers to the research problem regarding the Fear of Missing Out among Generation Z

at STMIK AKI.

Result and Discussion

1. Demographic Overview of Research Subjects

Based on gender and number of social media users, an overview of the research

subjects is presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Research Subjects Based on Gender and Number of Social Media Users

Gender

Percent

(%)

Number of Social Media Users

Instagram

Facebook

TikTok

Twitter

Youtube

Female

(75,4%)

Male

(24,6%)

TOTAL

122

102

Based on Table 3, it is explained that the number of women who were the subjects

of the study was 92 people. The number of men who were the subjects of the study was

30 people.

Based on the social media used by the research subjects, it can be explained that the

number of women who use Instagram social media is 71 people and men 22 people. The

number of women who use Facebook social media is 34 people and men as many as 12

people. The number of women who use TikTok social media is 51 people and 7 men. The

number of women who use Twitter social media is 16 people and 3 men. The number of

women who use WhatsApp social media is 76 people and men as many as 26 people. The

number of women who use Telegram is 26 people and 8 men. The number of women who

use Youtube social media is 49 and men are 21 people.

Fear of Missing Out is a new form of social anxiety development that arises due to

the development of social media (JWT Intelligence, 2013). The results showed that 122

research respondents were social media users, especially on WhatsApp, Instagram, and

Facebook social media.

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2. Test the validity and reliability of measuring instruments

a. Validity Test

The validity test is used to measure the validity, or validity or validity of a

questionnaire. The validation test is performed by comparing the calculated r-value with

the table r-value. If the value of R is calculated > r table and is positive, then the question

is said to be Valid. And vice versa if r counts Negative and r counts < r table then the

variable is invalid. The validity test in this study is by using the calculation of the

correlation coefficient (Pearson Correlation) which is processed with the SPSS program.

Table 4

Validity Test Results

Item

Count

r Table

Information

Item 1

0,730

0,1779

Valid

Item 2

0,757

0,1779

Valid

Item 3

0,727

0,1779

Valid

Item 4

0,642

0,1779

Valid

Item 5

0,427

0,1779

Valid

Item 6

0,533

0,1779

Valid

Item 7

0,548

0,1779

Valid

Item 8

0,661

0,1779

Valid

Item 9

0,610

0,1779

Valid

Item 10

0,591

0,1779

Valid

The validity test seen in Table 5 above shows that the correlation of each item to

the score of each variable concluded that the questionnaire used is valid because the

calculated r-value is greater than the table r-value of 0.1779. The table value is obtained

from table r with n = 122 and a significant level of 5% (0.05).

b. Uji Reliability

Instragram Facebook TikTok Twiter Whatsapp Telegram Youtube

Perempuan Laki-laki

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Reliability tests are used to determine the consistency of measuring instruments,

whether the measuring instruments used are reliable, and remain consistent if the

measurements are repeated. Reliability is expressed in the form of numbers, usually as

coefficients. A high coefficient means high reliability. The method used to use Cronbach's

Alpha questionnaire formula is, if the results of the Alpha coefficient > a significance

level of 60% or 0.6 then the questionnaire is reliable, on the other hand, if the results of

the Alpha coefficient < a significant level of 60% or 0.6 then the questionnaire is not

reliable.

Table 5

Reliability Test Results

Item-Total Statistics

Scale

Mean if

Item

Deleted

Scale

Variance

if Item

Deleted

Corrected

Item-Total

Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if

Item

Deleted

aitem1

25,63

41,706

,628

,686

,801

aitem2

25,65

41,404

,666

,718

,796

aitem3

25,66

42,357

,632

,500

,801

aitem4

25,81

44,039

,528

,397

,812

aitem5

24,23

48,344

,295

,168

,833

aitem6

24,78

46,703

,415

,228

,822

aitem7

24,61

46,487

,433

,448

,821

aitem8

25,31

43,886

,555

,424

,809

aitem9

25,09

45,025

,496

,447

,815

aitem10

25,89

45,805

,482

,330

,816

Based on the results of the data above, it can be seen that all items (10 items) have

a Cronbach's Alpha value greater than the standard value of 0.60. So it can be concluded

that all items in the study meet reliability.

3. Research results in

a. Fear of Missing in Generation Z at STMIK AKI

The research used in this study is descriptive quantitative research that aims to

assess the Fear of Missing Out in Generation Z in STMIK AKI. The scale used in this

study is the Fear of Missing Out scale from research conducted by Przybylski and Friends

(2013). Each item is divided into 5 answer options so that the score range is 1 – 5. It is

obtained from the calculation that the minimum score on this scale is 10 and the maximum

score on this scale is 50.

Based on the results of data obtained from research that has been conducted that the

minimum score is 10 and the maximum score is 50, the following is a table of comparison

of hypothetical values and empirical values of the Fear of Missing Out variable.

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2022 1394

Table 6

Comparison of Hypothetical Value and Empirical Value of Fear of Missing

Out Variable

Variable

Hypothetical

Value

Empirical Value

Mean

Fear of Missing

Out

6.6

28.07

7.349

From the results of Table 6, it can be known that the mean or average value of the

hypothetical value is higher when compared to the mean of the empirical value. With this,

it can be concluded that the level of Fear of Missing Out in Generation Z at STMIK AKI

is higher than the level of Fear of Missing Out in the research subjects.

Based on research by (Przybylski et al, 2013) when viewed from 2 aspects of Fear

of Missing Out, the results of the comparison of hypothetical values and empirical values

in research subjects in Table 7 are as follows:

Table 7

Comparison of Hypothetical Value and Empirical Value of Aspects of Fear of

Missing Out

Variable Aspects

Hypothetical Value

Empirical Value

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Relatedness

4.6

19.83

5.550

Autonomy

8.25

2.481

From the results of Table 7, it is known that the comparison of the mean

hypothetical value with the mean empirical value exists in 2 aspects of Fear of Missing

Out. The mean result of the empirical value is much lower compared to the mean of the

hypothetical value. Thus, it can be concluded that the level of Fear of Missing Out on the

research subjects when viewed from 2 aspects is lower than the level of Fear of Missing

Out in Generation Z at STMIK AKI.

b. Data category of Fear of Missing Out

The convention of categorization in Fear of Missing Out data on research subjects

can be seen as follows:

Table 8

Categorization of Fear of Missing Out in Research Subjects

Score range