p–ISSN: 2723 – 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4514

Artificial Intelligence: Communication, Technology, and

Society (a Systematic Literature Review)

Natasha Constantin

, Raynaldi Nelwin

, Andrew Christanto

, Irwansyah

Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jakarta , Indonesia

1,2,3

Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

, [email protected]

[email protected]

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Keywords:

Technology Determinism;

Artificial Intelligence;

Systematic Studies;

Ethics

Community

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has

transformed the way various social sectors operate, including

healthcare, communications, and decision-making. The

integration of AI into these domains not only opens up new

opportunities for efficiency and innovation, but also presents

significant challenges. Among these challenges, the emergence of

algorithmic bias, inadequate data protection, technical limitations,

and complex ethical dilemmas are of major concern. These issues

affect the reliability and fairness of the use of AI technologies,

potentially harming individuals and society as a whole. This study

aims to investigate the barriers associated with the implementation

of AI in society and provide theoretical and methodological

solutions to address these challenges. This study uses a systematic

literature review methodology to review 40 journals, with the aim

of identifying key issues and suggesting solutions for the ethical

and successful integration of AI. The findings show that the

potential of AI is often hampered by biased algorithms, inadequate

privacy laws, and a lack of transparency in decision-making

processes. The study recommends the use of qualitative and

quantitative methodologies, including experimental research and

case studies, to investigate practical applications of AI. In

addition, a multidisciplinary approach is suggested to address the

technical and social dimensions of AI applications.

Introduction

The rapid development of technology continues to occur due to the development of

the times, and knowledge has become a spreading phenomenon. In particular, in recent

years, technological advances have resulted in various devices that support human life.

This progress is illustrated through the creation of artificial intelligence (AI) technology.

Not stopping there, the rapid development of technology has significantly changed how

humans interact with existing technology and other humans. In addition, along with the

development of the era that demands the convenience and efficiency of devices, AI

technology created as a result of integration with the increasing trend of its prevalence,

including virtual assistants, recommendation systems, and data analysis tools that can be

done in real-time (Raihan, 2023). This illustrates the significant influence that arises due

Artificial Intelligence: Communication, Technology, and Society (a Systematic Literature

Review)

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4515

to the existence of technology. After that, the integration raises essential questions about

applying technological breakthroughs that require a critical study of artificial

intelligence, including the mobile version, through technological determinism.

AI technology has become essential in terms of its potential to create new human

experiences by automating several tasks, including decision-making and interacting with

users with different responses. This technology is different from traditional versions that

require computing power and other infrastructure, and this version operates on

lightweight and portable devices that make the functionality of the technology easily

accessible without the barriers of time and place. This accessibility contributes to the

increased dependence on technology, where the role of AI goes beyond the mere use of

tools or media, which begins to influence human behavior, social norms, and cultural

practices (Zhang & Aslan, 2021).

In addition, mobile AI represents the convergence of various technologies,

including machine learning, natural language programs, and computer vision, that are

tailored to fit the constraints and opportunities of mobile platforms. The diversity of apps

ranges from voice-activated virtual assistants like Siri and Google Assistant to text

predictions and personalized content recommendations. The adoption of this technology

broadly reflects the increased trust and reliance on AI-driven systems. However, this

dependency also critically examines broader social influences such as privacy, ethical

dilemmas, and the usual reinforcement inherent in AI algorithms (Greene et al., 2023).

Research on the impact of mobile AI in society is essential. This is because

technology has entered and touched people's lives and affected the way people

communicate, work, and even think. With the development of increasingly sophisticated

mobile devices, the AI capabilities contained in them have become more than just a

passive technology but a determinant in social dynamics. The social impact of AI and

mobile AI has been proven in various fields, including health, education, and even

entertainment, to help improve customer service, personalize the user experience, and

provide unprecedented access to information. However, this shift faces significant

challenges to potential reliance on technology, reduced human resource needs, and

privacy issues.

Technological determinism, a theoretical framework that places technology as one

of the main factors in social change, provides a critical view of the relationship between

AI, especially AI, and society. Technological innovation accelerates communication,

expands access to information, and changes the way humans work, interact, and live their

daily lives. A concrete example of social change driven by technology is the digital

transformation of the workforce, which has led to the emergence of remote work,

industrial automation, and sharing economy platforms (Imamov & Semenikhina, 2021).

Based on this view, the characteristics of technology shape social structures and cultural

practices that prioritize technological capabilities over human desires. This view is highly

relevant because it encourages in-depth research on how AI influences societal norms and

behaviors that can lead to unintended consequences.

Natasha Constantin, Raynaldi Nelwin, Andrew Christanto, Irwansyah

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4516

Integrating AI technology into people's lives accurately shows the interaction

between technology and society, highlighting that technological advances can change

existing and formed social dynamics. Through technological determinism, technology is

not only a medium but a force that shapes human interaction, redefines social roles, and

even changes cognitive processes (Feenberg, 2010). For example, the ease and

convenience offered by AI-based virtual assistants could lead to new forms of interaction

and communication where technology mediates human relationships (B. Song et al.,

2022). This shift challenges traditional social norms and calls into question the balance

of control between technology and its users. As technology becomes more integrated into

daily life, users must navigate issues of privacy, autonomy, and dependency. The growing

influence of algorithms, artificial intelligence, and digital platforms introduces new

dynamics of power, often leaving users with limited understanding or control over the

systems they interact with. This evolving relationship calls for deeper reflection on the

ethical and societal implications of technology's role in shaping modern life (Ovchinnikov

et al., 2020).

Integrating technology and society also underscores the ethical implications of

relying on technologies often biased and governed by algorithms beyond the user's

control. Issues such as data privacy, biased algorithms, and the commodification of

personal information highlight the need for critical research into the social impact of

technology (Mittelstadt et al., 2016). In this case, technological determinism becomes an

analytical tool to explore these dynamics, questioning whether society adapts to

technology or whether technology dictates society's evolution.

The novelty of this research is that it provides new insights into the importance of

adequate privacy laws and transparency in AI decision-making for the rail industry. This

is because it has often been a neglected area in previous transportation research, which

focused more on the technology than on the ethical and legal aspects. Findings related to

the application of AI in data management, route planning, and predictive maintenance

can help improve operational efficiency. AI can predict train maintenance needs in real-

time, thereby minimizing disruptions and improving service smoothness. AI can be used

to develop smart ticketing systems, personalized travel schedules, and chatbot-based

customer service, which will improve user experience. The findings in this literature

highlight the importance of more responsive and intuitive technology in creating more

efficient interactions with passengers. This research aims to investigate the obstacles

related to the application of AI in society and provide theoretical and methodological

solutions to overcome these challenges.

Research Methods

This research was conducted using exploratory qualitative methods and systematic

literature review (SLR). The exploratory qualitative method was chosen because it

provides flexibility in exploring social and human issues in depth, as explained by

Creswell (2014) who stated that this method functions to understand social or human

problems through the development of a complex holistic picture, relying on the views of

Artificial Intelligence: Communication, Technology, and Society (a Systematic Literature

Review)

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4517

informants, and carried out in a natural context. This approach is very appropriate for the

purpose of research that wants to explore a deep understanding of topics that have not

been widely explored before.

This research was also compiled by adopting a systematic literature review method,

which provides a structure in identifying, evaluating, and interpreting relevant

information from existing literature (Dahalan & Ahmad, 2018). This SLR method was

chosen to ensure that the research is based on existing data, systematically organized, and

reliable in building a solid theoretical framework. Snyder (2019) emphasized the

importance of literature studies in synthesizing previous research findings, helping to

design a conceptual framework, and ensuring that research does not simply repeat what

is already known but offers new insights.

The reason for choosing this method is also driven by the research objective to

produce a comprehensive review of previous research, by identifying gaps and providing

new perspectives. SLR was chosen because this methodology provides a structure that

allows for systematic collection and analysis of secondary data, helping researchers to

compile existing evidence comprehensively. The data used in this study are secondary

data collected through desk review, with sources identified according to the inclusion

criteria that have been set.

Data collected through desk review or desk research is intended to provide an

overview of information collection in publications. This is then compared to obtaining

data directly (Woolley, 1992). The data is a collection of articles published in several

international journals obtained through Desk Review or Desk Research based on a series

of keywords, as stated. Then, it will be selected using the PRISMA 2020 diagram (Page

et al., 2021). The method involves four steps: identification, screening, feasibility, and

inclusion. These are used as guidelines for writing this research. From this data, the

selection process is carried out as follows:

Natasha Constantin, Raynaldi Nelwin, Andrew Christanto, Irwansyah

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4518

Figure 1. Screening Protocol with PRISMA 2020

Source: (Page et al., 2021; Author, 2024)

After obtaining a data set, the results are presented and enriched by bibliographic

mapping using VOSViewer software.

Figure 2. Bibliographic mapping related to artificial intelligence technology and society

Records identified from*:

Databases (n=781)

Registers (n = )

Records removed before screening:

Duplicate records removed

(n=285)

Records marked as ineligible by

automation tools (n = 171 )

Records removed for other reasons (n

= 114)

Records screened

(n=496)

Records excluded**

(n=359)

Reports sought for retrieval

(n=137)

Reports not retrieved

(n=0)

Reports assessed for eligibility

(n=137)

Reports excluded:

Out of topic (n =41 )

Conference Proceedings (n = 35)

Limited access (n =24)

Book chapter (n=6)

New studies included in review

(n=30)

Reports of new included studies

(n=0)

Identification of new studies via databases and registers

Identification

Screening

Included

Total studies included in review

(n=40)

Studies included in

previous version of

review (n = 10 )

Previous studies

Artificial Intelligence: Communication, Technology, and Society (a Systematic Literature

Review)

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4519

Source: Author with vos viewer (2024)

Based on the grouping generated through the VOSViewer application, as illustrated

in Figure 2, the main keywords in this study are Artificial Intelligence on pink or pink

clusters. Furthermore, the keyword is followed by technological determinism on the green

cluster, confirming the researcher's focus on how the technology Artificial Intelligence

influences factors around technology. In addition, other keywords discussed together in

this study are related to various kinds of Voice Command Artificial Intelligence, which

are found in mobile phone technologies such as Google Assistant, Alexa, and Siri, which

are found in the blue cluster and as well as chat-bots that are included in the Artificial

Intelligence which is found in the red cluster. Referring to the bibliographic mapping

above, myths, the Digital Divide, and ideologies are also discussed in several clusters

related to artificial intelligence.

Results and Discussion

Table 1. Data Extraction Results

No.

Source

Research Title

Findings

Fiorillo &

Mehta (2024)

"Accelerating Editorial

Processes in Scientific

Journals: Leveraging AI

for Rapid Manuscript

Review"

This study explores the use of artificial intelligence

(AI) in accelerating the editorial process of scientific

journals. The study shows that AI assistants like

ChatGPT can provide constructive feedback and

improve the quality of manuscripts, as well as speed

up the review process. The results highlight the

importance of considering ethical aspects, including

privacy and bias, in the application of AI

technology. In conclusion, the integration of AI in

the scientific journal review process can improve

efficiency, quality, and accessibility, but it needs to

be continuously evaluated against its ethical

implications.

Krishna

(2024)

"AI and Contemporary

Challenges : the Good,

Bad, And The Scary"

This article explores the positive, negative, and

scary sides of the development of AI in society. In

addition to its potential benefits in economics and

technology, AI also raises ethical and moral

concerns, including the threat of autonomous

weapons. The authors question whether AI should

be seen through the lens of technological

determinism or can be socially shaped for the

common good. This shows the importance of social

control in directing the development of AI so as not

to harm society

Heroine

(2021)

"AI and the Ressurection

of Technological

Determinism"

This article focuses on the resurgence of the concept

of technological determinism in the context of AI

regulation. The authors argue that AI has a high

potential for "lock-in," where AI technology could

limit the choices of future generations and

strengthen certain technology paths. With the

increasingly autonomous nature of AI, this paper

Natasha Constantin, Raynaldi Nelwin, Andrew Christanto, Irwansyah

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4520

No.

Source

Research Title

Findings

confirms that AI reinforces a deterministic view of

technology, where technological developments can

govern social change

Glebova et al.

(2024)

"Artificial Intelligence

Development and

Dissemination Impact on

the Sport Industry Labor

Market"

This research examines the impact of the

development and deployment of AI on the labor

market in the sports industry. AI has created new job

opportunities, especially in data analytics and

marketing, but it has also replaced more routine jobs.

The study shows that AI is changing roles in the job

market and requires the development of new skills

relevant to these technologies. In the context of

technological determinism, AI is accelerating

transformation in the job market, changing the way

humans previously worked

Andries &

Robertson

(2023)

"Alexa doesn't have that

many feelings: Children's

understanding of AI

through interactions with

smart speakers in their

homes"

The study explores children's understanding of AI

through interaction with voice assistants like Alexa.

Many children overestimate AI intelligence and

have an inaccurate understanding of data privacy.

This underscores the need for AI literacy education

to help children understand the limitations of

technology. This article highlights how AI, through

voice assistants, is shaping children's views of

artificial intelligence, in line with the idea that

technology shapes the way we think and act

Bozdag

(2023)

"Alsmosis and the pas de

deux of Human AI

Interaction : Exploring the

Communicative Dance

Between Society and AI"

This article introduces the concept of "AIsmosis,"

which describes how AI is slowly integrated into

society, similar to the process of osmosis. AI is

influencing various aspects of human life through

undetectable but significant innovations. This

concept shows how AI technology, in a

deterministic way, shapes social and cultural norms,

fundamentally changing human interaction and

technology. This article emphasizes the importance

of ethical and responsible AI integration to avoid the

negative impact of technology on society

Moulieswaran

& Kumar

(2023)

"Amelioration of Google

Assistant – A Review of

Artificial Intelligence

Stimulated Second

Language Learning and

Teaching"

This article explores the use of AI such as Google

Assistant in second language teaching and learning.

AI helps automate some learning processes,

improving accessibility and effectiveness. However,

the challenges faced related to dependence on

technology show the implications of technological

determinism, where AI directs and shapes learning

methods. The use of AI technology in education can

affect how students and teachers adapt to the

development of the technology

Winkel

(2024)

"Controlling the

Uncontrollable : The

Public Discourse on AI

between the positions of

social and technological

determinsim"

This article analyzes the public discourse regarding

AI between two positions: technological and social

determinism. AI is considered difficult to control,

with technological developments driving change

without much human intervention. The position of

technological determinism is strong here, where AI

Artificial Intelligence: Communication, Technology, and Society (a Systematic Literature

Review)

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4521

No.

Source

Research Title

Findings

is considered an autonomous force that directs

society without much room for social control. This

discussion underscores the uncertainty in regulatory

efforts for evolving technologies

Rabassa

(2022)

"Conversational

Commerce: Do Biased

Choices Offered by Voice

Assistants' Technology

Constrain Its

Appropriation?"

The research discusses how AI-based voice

assistants can influence consumer decisions by

offering biased options. This technology creates

limitations for consumers to access diverse choices,

thus reinforcing the deterministic view that

technology directs user decisions. The negative

impact of this technological bias shows that AI can

limit consumer freedom in making decisions.

Letaief et al.

(2022)

“Edge Artificial

Intelligence for 6G:

Vision, Enabling

Technologies, and

Applications”

This article highlights how AI is being integrated

into 6G networks to improve connected intelligence

and support a wide range of futuristic applications.

AI is considered a crucial element in the upcoming

technological revolution, driving the development

of networks from "connected things" to "connected

intelligence." This supports the idea of technological

determinism, where AI changes the way networks

work and significantly influences the evolution of

technology

Said et al.

(2022)

“Efficiency of Smart AI-

Based Voice Apps and

Virtual Services Operating

with Chatbots”

This research discusses the efficiency of AI-based

smart voice applications and virtual services that use

chatbots. The AI technology in these applications

helps users in completing daily tasks quickly, but the

dependence on technology also shows a tendency to

technological determinism. AI is playing a dominant

role in shaping the way humans work and redefining

the way digital interactions take place

Prentice et al.

(2023)

“Engaging with Intelligent

Voice Assistants for

Wellbeing and Brand

Attachment”

This article explores how user engagement with AI-

based voice assistants can impact brand well-being

and engagement. The use of AI in smart devices is

changing the way consumers interact with brands

and technology, reinforcing the view that

technology has a dominant role in shaping consumer

behavior and decisions. This shows the deterministic

influence of AI in consumers' daily lives

Gupta et al.

(2021)

“Fusion of Blockchain and

Artificial Intelligence for

Secure Drone Networking

Underlying 5G

Communications”

This article discusses the integration of blockchain

and AI for secure drone network communication in

the context of 5G. AI plays a crucial role in

improving the security and effectiveness of drone

networks, leading to the view that technology not

only drives innovation but also regulates dynamics

across various industries. This reflects the

technological determinism in which AI is changing

and controlling how network technology works in

the future.

Lim et al.

(2024)

"General Characteristics

and Design Taxonomy of

This study reviews the characteristics and design of

chatbots used during the COVID-19 pandemic. AI

in chatbots is helping to provide health information

Natasha Constantin, Raynaldi Nelwin, Andrew Christanto, Irwansyah

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No.

Source

Research Title

Findings

Chatbots for COVID-19:

Systematic Review"

and pandemic-related services, which reinforces the

deterministic view that AI technology is

significantly influencing the way we respond to the

global health crisis. The use of chatbots in this

context demonstrates the role of AI in directing and

facilitating communication and interaction in

society.

Choudrie,

Manandhar,

Castro, &

Obuekwe

(2023)

"Hey Siri, Google! Can

You Help Me? A

Qualitative Case Study of

Smartphones AI Functions

in SMEs"

This study explores the use of AI in the form of voice

assistants in small and medium enterprises (SMEs).

AI helps SMEs in increasing productivity and

efficiency, but it also creates a digital divide that

exacerbates inequality in access to technology. This

reflects the technological determinism, where AI

influences the way SMEs operate and make strategic

decisions

Sun (2022)

"Ideological and Political

Education Reform Using

Mobile Phones as a

Carrier in the Context of

Artificial Intelligence"

This article discusses ideological and political

education reforms using mobile phones and AI as

media. AI allows for a more interactive and

personalized learning process, but it also highlights

the reliance on technology in education. This reflects

the determinism of technology, where AI directly

influences the way learning is conducted and

controlled in the education system.

Alahi et al.

(2023)

"Integration of IoT-

Enabled Technologies and

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

for Smart City Scenario"

This article shows how the integration of AI and IoT

in smart city scenarios accelerates city data

management and improves people's quality of life.

The technology automatically optimizes urban

processes, reduces the need for human interaction,

and confirms AI's position as a key driver of social

and economic change. This reflects technological

determinism as AI and IoT technologies play a

dominant role in determining the future direction of

city management

Jan et al.

(2020a)

"Integration of Network

and Artificial Intelligence

toward the Beyond 5G/6G

Networks"

This article discusses how the integration of AI in

B5G/6G networks will redefine the way networks

operate, improve automation, and provide more

autonomous intelligent infrastructure. AI

technology not only plays a role in network

management but also supports applications that

directly utilize AI. This shows that AI technology is

increasingly influencing the development of future

networks and telecommunications, supporting the

deterministic view that technology is shaping major

changes in society

Saradhi

Thommandru

et al. (2024)

"Intelligent Optimization

Framework for Future

Communication Networks

using Machine Learning"

This article shows how machine learning technology

is being used to optimize future communication

networks. AI helps in managing complex challenges

in communication networks such as resource

allocation and decision-making. This shows that

technology, particularly AI, plays an important role

in determining how future networks will be

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No.

Source

Research Title

Findings

optimized, confirming the idea of technological

determinism in directing technological innovation.

Ali et al.

(2021)

"Machine Learning

Technologies for Secure

Vehicular Communication

in Internet of Vehicles"

This study discusses the role of AI, especially

machine learning, in optimizing vehicle

communication in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). AI

is being used to improve road safety and traffic

management, as well as ensure efficient

communication between vehicles and infrastructure.

This reflects the technological determinism in which

AI holds a huge rein in the transformation of the

transportation industry.

Jan et al.

(2020b)

"Marshal McLuhan's

Technological

Determinism Theory in

the Arena of Social

Media"

This article discusses Marshal McLuhan's theory of

technological determinism and its relevance to

social media. Social media technology is changing

human social behavior, creating a global community

where social interaction is facilitated by technology.

This is in line with technological determinism

because social media technology is considered the

main driver of social and cultural change.

Palanica &

Fossat (2021)

"Medication Name

Comprehension of

Intelligent Virtual

Assistants: A Comparison

of Amazon Alexa, Google

Assistant, and Apple Siri"

This study examines the accuracy of AI-based

virtual assistants in understanding drug names. The

improvement in AI's ability to understand complex

language suggests that the technology is getting

closer to human interaction capabilities, reinforcing

the idea that AI has a big role to play in determining

future healthcare interactions. It underscores the

deterministic view that AI is playing a role in

changing the way humans interact with technology.

Marques et al.

(2024)

"Metaverse and Artificial

Intelligence: TDIC Trends

in Education"

This article discusses how AI and the metaverse are

starting to play an important role in education. This

technology accelerates the digitalization of

education, providing more personalized and

interactive learning tools. This reflects the

determinism of technology, where AI shapes the

way education is delivered and practiced in a post-

pandemic world.

Kuo (2021)

"Military Innovation and

Technological

Determinism"

This article shows how military technology, such as

aircraft carriers, was developed differently by the

United Kingdom and the United States based on

each country's strategic context. The same military

technology is used differently due to strategic

interpretations, but it still supports the idea that

technology plays an important role in determining a

country's military approach. This shows how

technological determinism is applied in military

innovation.

Drydakis

(2021)

"Mobile Applications

Aiming to Facilitate

Immigrants' Societal

Integration and Overall

Level of Integration,

The research shows that AI-based applications help

improve the social, health, and mental integration of

immigrants. AI facilitates more personalized and

adaptive services, accelerating the integration of

immigrants into society, demonstrating how AI

Natasha Constantin, Raynaldi Nelwin, Andrew Christanto, Irwansyah

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4524

No.

Source

Research Title

Findings

Health and Mental Health.

Does Artificial

Intelligence Enhance

Outcomes?"

technology affects the social life and well-being of

immigrants. This supports the view of technological

determinism that AI plays a role in driving social

change

Karyotaki et

al. (2024)

"Mobile/VR/Robotics/IoT-

Based Chatbots and

Intelligent Personal

Assistants for Social

Inclusion"

This article discusses the use of AI-based chatbots

for social inclusion, especially for vulnerable groups

such as refugees and migrants. These technologies

enable easier access to social services, education,

and health, reinforcing the view that AI technology

significantly influences and shapes social

experiences. It supports the view of technological

determinism that AI directs social inclusion through

technology

L. Song et al.

(2022)

"Networking Systems of

AI: On the Convergence

of Computing and

Communications"

This paper highlights how AI and integrated

communication networks are forming a new

paradigm, where AI becomes an integral part of

network systems, such as 5G and 6G. AI is not only

used to manage network resources, but also operates

as a system that enables real-time smart services.

This reflects the technological determinism, in

which AI directs and shapes how networks and

communications work, significantly influencing

social and economic development

Joyce et al.

(2023)

"New Social Relations of

Digital Technology and

the Future of Work:

Beyond Technological

Determinism"

This article discusses that although technological

determinism is often overlooked in workforce

research, its impact is still visible in the way digital

technology shapes jobs. The authors propose a more

dynamic approach to looking at technology in

relation to other social factors, going beyond the

reductionist view. This approach criticizes

technological determinism and shows the

importance of the role of social agents in shaping

technological developments

Aldamen &

Hacimic

(2023)

"Positive Determinism of

Twitter Usage

Development in Crisis

Communication"

The study highlights Twitter's role in crisis

communication during the 2023 earthquake in

Türkiye, showing how social media serves as an

important tool in rescuing victims. The use of

Twitter in emergency situations has become

increasingly important over time, reflecting positive

technological determinism, where the development

of communication technology accelerates the

dissemination of information and rescue efforts.

This supports the idea that technology is shaping the

social response to the crisis

Jandrić (2023)

"Postdigital Human

Capital"

This paper explores the relationship between people,

technology, and work in the postdigital era,

highlighting how technology, including AI, is

changing the way work and education are being

done. The influence of AI on jobs raises concerns

about technological unemployment, which reflects

the idea of technological determinism that

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technological innovation can replace the role of

humans in the world of work. This emphasizes the

importance of developing a new understanding of

human capital in the era

Hirsch-

Kreinsen &

Krokowski

(2024)

"Promises and Myths of

Artificial Intelligence"

This article highlights the promises and myths

associated with the development of AI, emphasizing

that excessive expectations about AI often do not

correspond to reality. The authors show how

technological determinism influences public

perception of AI as a solution to a variety of social

problems, but often masks the complexity and

limitations of the technology. This confirms that a

deterministic view of AI can lead to unrealistic

expectations

Molfino et al.

(2024)

"Robots Trends and

Megatrends: Artificial

Intelligence and the

Society"

The paper discusses future trends in the use of robots

and AI, which are seen as key technologies in

changing the way people work and live. AI and

robotics are predicted to replace many of today's

jobs, but they are also creating new, more skilled job

opportunities. This article reflects on technological

determinism, where technological developments

directly lead to social and economic change

Simon et al.

(2022)

"Should Alexa Diagnose

Alzheimer's?: Legal and

Ethical Issues with At-

home Consumer Devices"

The study explores the ethical and legal challenges

in the use of AI devices such as Alexa to detect

Alzheimer's disease at home. AI used in health

diagnostics raises concerns regarding privacy and

control, reinforcing the idea that technology has a

significant impact on health management and

human interaction. It shows how technological

determinism is playing a role in shaping the future

of healthcare

Čavoški

(2022)

"The European Green

Deal and Technological

Determinism"

This paper evaluates how EGD relies too heavily on

technology as a key solution to environmental

challenges. While technology is seen as a key driver

of environmental change, this paper shows that

technological determinism in EGD ignores the role

of humans and social responsibility in achieving

sustainability. This shows the importance of

environmental regulation to balance technology and

human needs

Aleessawi &

Alzubi

(2024a)

"The Implications of

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

on the Quality of Media

Content"

This article discusses the impact of AI on the quality

of media content, where it is used to analyze data,

speed up the editing process, and improve the

capabilities of journalists. However, reliance on AI

also carries risks in producing false or misleading

content, reflecting the technologically deterministic

view that AI could change the way the media

industry works. It shows how AI shapes quality and

ethics in media production

Galetsi et al.

(2022)

"The Medical and Societal

Impact of Big Data

The study highlights the huge role of data analytics

and AI in combating pandemics, including Covid-

Natasha Constantin, Raynaldi Nelwin, Andrew Christanto, Irwansyah

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4526

No.

Source

Research Title

Findings

Analytics and Artificial

Intelligence in Combating

Pandemics"

19, by managing big data for disease prediction and

prevention. AI helps in making medical decisions

faster and more accurately, which reflects the

technological determinism in which technology

plays a role in directing people's responses to health

crises. It confirms how AI is impacting public health

and decision-making in times of crisis

Ogilvie et al.

(2022)

"The Use of Chatbots as

Supportive Agents for

People Seeking Help with

Substance Use Disorder"

This paper examines the use of chatbots in

supporting people with substance use disorder

(SUD). AI-based chatbots help provide non-

judgmental and accessible support at all times,

especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This

technology reinforces the idea of technological

determinism by showing how AI is becoming an

important tool in providing telemedical assistance.

However, the study also highlights the need for

expert oversight to ensure the secure use of big data,

without compromising users

Muttanahally

et al. (2021)

"Usefulness of Artificial

Intelligence-Based Virtual

Assistants in Oral and

Maxillofacial Radiology

Report Writing"

This study assesses the usefulness of AI-based

virtual assistants in writing oral and maxillofacial

radiology reports. The results show that Google

Assistant is the most efficient compared to Cortana,

Siri, and Alexa. This technology reduces the time

spent referencing external literature, speeds up the

diagnosis process, and shows how AI can improve

the efficiency of radiological work, supporting the

view of technological determinism that technology

determines changes in the medical sector

Hong et al.

(2021)

"Voice Assistants and

Cancer Screening: A

Comparison of Alexa, Siri,

Google Assistant, and

Cortana"

This paper compares the ability of voice assistants

to understand and respond to cancer screening-

related questions. Siri, Google Assistant, and

Cortana show better understanding than Alexa,

although the accuracy of the information varies. This

article shows how AI is playing a role in providing

relevant health information, reinforcing the idea that

technology can guide the way people acquire

medical information

Alzubaidi et

al. (2023)

"Towards Risk-Free

Trustworthy Artificial

Intelligence: Significance

and Requirements"

This article discusses the need to develop

trustworthy AI by highlighting the importance of

transparency, accountability, and fairness in the

development of AI systems. While AI offers great

advantages, the paper highlights potential social

risks, such as data bias and lack of accountability. It

reflects the determinism of technology by showing

how AI drives important decisions across various

sectors, including health and finance

Source: Researcher (2024)

Artificial intelligence technology emerging and spreading today has undeniably

entered various aspects of people's lives. As AI advances, its interactions with society are

Artificial Intelligence: Communication, Technology, and Society (a Systematic Literature

Review)

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4527

becoming increasingly complicated. This has prompted questions about its influence on

multiple fields, such as communication, healthcare, decision-making, and the ethical

aspects involved.

In healthcare, artificial intelligence technology has shown the importance of

diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient assistance. Some parts of artificial intelligence,

such as voice assistants and virtual agents, assist healthcare professionals in compiling

patient health records, disease checks, and patient assistance. Research comparing

different types of voice assistants, including Alexa, Siri, Google Assistant, and Cortana,

revealed the different efficiencies of the technology in providing precise health

information, especially cancer screening (Hong et al., 2021). These technologies facilitate

the relationship between individuals and health practitioners, especially in care and

prevention, by providing accessible and fast access to information. In addition, chatbots

with AI technology have shown the potential to assist individuals in handling health

problems (Ogilvie et al., 2022). Chatbots provide ongoing support for various issues

faced by patients. The implementation of AI into the world of care and healthcare

illustrates the definitive influence of technologies where AI progressively determines the

delivery and accessibility of healthcare within society.

AI also influences the decision-making process in care and healthcare by

facilitating data analysis and prediction. The system is also used in finance, business, and

law by facilitating decision-making with algorithmic methods that increase efficiency and

minimize human error (Alzubaidi et al., 2023). Highlighting the growing reliance on AI

in decision-making presents trust, transparency, and accountability issues. In that case,

AI algorithms are meaningless without bias, independent of their potential. This biased

data can result in inappropriate decision-making, especially in law enforcement and

human resources. The use of AI in predictive positions has faced criticism for reinforcing

racial prejudice. This underscores a significant social problem that sees this technology

as not being adequately regulated and can widen the gap.

In addition, media and information transmission are examples of interaction

between AI and humans, where technology changes the methods of processing,

distributing, and consuming data. ChatGPT and AI-based content production platforms

used in journalism to create articles and reports have become more efficient. According

to Aleessawi & Alzubi (2024b), while AI can improve the quality and efficiency of

content, it can also doubt its validity. Media coupled with artificial intelligence is

suspected to reduce the credibility of news and can make it difficult for the public to

distinguish falsehoods. It points to a broader social responsibility where, depending on its

use, technology serves as a tool for growth or disinformation.

In response to some of the above issues, the moral questions that must be asked

when talking about AI and society have become more complex. Many sectors have

questioned the AI system's privacy, security, and use. Alzubaidi (2023) stated that AI is

needed with a transparent system that is free of bias. The technology is becoming essential

to be widely used, especially in various industries where AI-assisted decisions have a

significant social impact. To create a system that supports human values and

Natasha Constantin, Raynaldi Nelwin, Andrew Christanto, Irwansyah

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4528

transparency, the ethics of artificial intelligence must be adhered to. Undeniably, this

technology can produce desired results, such as unfair treatment or invasion of privacy.

Furthermore, AI has changed how people interact with communication

technology, as in the case of social media. Facebook and Twitter use AI algorithms to

recommend content based on how each interacts with the data. According to the theory

of technological determinism, the algorithm generates space and disinformation that

significantly influences public opinion (Hong et al., 2021). AI's ability to support specific

perspectives tends to affect freedom of expression and political processes. Therefore, it

shows that AI should be used more clearly and honestly on social media to ensure

technology helps society by fostering tolerance and compassion.

Regarding interaction between AI and humans as part of society, it is inseparable

from advantages and disadvantages. Although AI is functional in various fields, it

inevitably raises ethical problems. As artificial intelligence (AI) grows in society,

researchers and practitioners should understand the moral standards that will protect

fundamentals, safety, and well-being. The deterministic view of artificial intelligence

assumes that while technological changes will affect social behavior, society must ensure

these changes are beneficial. Society can use AI while reducing impact by building trust

in AI in problem-solving.

Conclusion

The potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is often hampered by a number of

factors, including biased algorithms, inadequate privacy laws, and a lack of transparency

in decision-making processes. AI algorithms can be biased when the training data used is

not representative of the entire population or contains unintentional biases, which can

reinforce unfairness in AI applications, such as discrimination in hiring or credit scoring.

Additionally, privacy laws that are not yet able to accommodate the development of AI

technology can cause issues in terms of personal data protection and information security.

The lack of transparency in AI decision-making processes poses additional challenges,

especially in terms of accountability. Users often do not understand how or why AI

systems achieve certain results, which reduces trust in the technology. The implications

of this research for the development of the railway transportation industry can include

several important things, including: 1) Improved Operational Efficiency, findings related

to the application of AI in data management, route planning, and predictive maintenance

can help improve operational efficiency. AI can predict train maintenance needs in real-

time, thereby minimizing disruptions and improving service smoothness. 2) Better

Customer Experience, AI can be used to develop smart ticketing systems, personalized

travel schedules, and chatbot-based customer service, which will improve user

experience. The findings in this literature highlight the importance of more responsive

and intuitive technology in creating more efficient interactions with passengers.

Artificial Intelligence: Communication, Technology, and Society (a Systematic Literature

Review)

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4529

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