p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4407

Understanding the production and reduction of barium

sulfate crystals through the use of additives and a controlled

stirring rate

N. Karaman

*, R. S. Maulida

, N. Fariana

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

particularly in piping systems. Water used in underwater piping systems contains various

types of content, including barium ions and sulfate ions. When the two ions combine,

they form a barium sulfate compound. (Fatra & Suwignyo, 2020). The influence of the

forming agent concentration in the flow system determines crystal formation. The higher

ion concentrations lead to the faster the crystals grow. (Sodikin, 2016). The presence of

these crystals can cause the scale to reduce the inner diameter of the pipe, resulting in

fluid flow obstruction. (Fatra & Suwignyo, 2020).

and stirring speed. This additive can inhibit crystal growth. According to (Karaman,

Mangestiyono, Muryanto, Jamari, & Bayuseno, 2019), chemical additives can help to

prevent crystal growth. On the other hand, increasing the speed of stirring, according to

Understanding crystal growth and subsequent controlling crystal product may use

method response surface methodology to determine the optimum response with the

additive concentration and the stirring speed factors. Response Surface Methodology

(RSM) is a mathematical and statistical technique for modeling and analyzing problems

with many variables to optimize responses. (Sartini, Fitriani, & Lubis, 2018). Central

Composite Design (CCD) and Box-Behnken Design are experimental designs frequently

used in research. These designing experiments are more efficient with fewer trials.

(Nurmaya, Sunaryo, Algorithm, & Programming, 2013). Thus, this study investigated

strontium chloride and ferric chloride additives to inhibit crystal growth and controlled

stirring rates affecting the formation of barium sulfate crystals using RSM to determine

reaction occurs when barium chloride is mixed with sodium sulfate, resulting in barium

sulfate. (Dera, 2018), as follows:

Na

4

O → NaCl + BaSO

4

+ H

2

O (1)

Naturally, barium sulfate (barite) can crystallize when sulfate ions in seawater

interact with barium ions in the water. (Karaman, Jamari, Bayuseno, & Muryanto, 2017).

The diffusion process of barite crystal growth occurs on the solid surface. Solute

molecules or ions diffuse through the liquid phase to reach the growing crystal surface.

(Pinalia, 2011). Supersaturation is one of the crystallization conditions. In particular, the

use of additives affects the crystallization process. Additives inhibit the barite crystal

that affect the process of crystal formation may include the stirring rate shortens the

distance between particles, which results in more frequent contact and collisions. A higher

stirring speed will also increase the amount of contact between reactants.

Further, (Karaman et al., 2019), investigated the effects of five green inhibitors on

barite crystal growth in flow-induced vibration in a pipe under the influence of varying

vibration frequencies, namely 0, 4, 8, and 10 Hz. After converting these frequencies to

600 rpm, barium crystal growth was significantly reduced, which can serve as a reference

in the present study. The formation of barite crystals was studied using the batch

crystallizer method at 600 rpm for a stirring time of 120 minutes with sampling every 15

minutes (Prayuga, Aruba, & Karaman, 2022). As a result, in this study, the time variable

4409

from a crystallization process with citric acid additive operating at 50°C (Surya &

Intifada, 2011). The higher the water temperature, the more likely crystals form (Samsudi

Raharjo, 2020). This temperature effect is significant in water evaporation, causing the

amount of water in the water to decrease. This mechanism reduces the formation of

crystals. Correspondingly the Box-Behnken Design is an experimental design with the

response surface method selected for this study. Design box-Behnken has advantages

over CCD. The advantage is that this design is more efficient with fewer trial runs,

especially for experiments with 3 or 4 factors (Nurmaya et al., 2013). This design function

built a full quadratic model with only three levels for each predictor variable: the lower

level (-1), the middle level (0), and the upper level (1) (Khamid, Herdiani, & Sirajang,

In addition to improving our understanding of how to control barite crystal growth,

these findings will also be useful in the development of chemical additives for controlling

crystal growth.

Materials

Analytical grade powders BaCl

2

, and FeCl

2

(Merck Germany) were

selected and dissolved in the distilled water used throughout the study. Barium sulfate

crystallization followed according to the reaction described below (Eq. 1). The

experiment, 31.165 gr BaCl

2

solid and 18.1 gr Na

2

achieve brine concentrations of 3500 ppm barium and sulfate. A crystal-forming solution

was made by adding SrCl

additives.

Table 1

Determination of variables in research with Box-Behnken Design method (BBD)

Run

1

-1

2

-1

3

-1

5

0

variable, the process is repeated with other additives with predetermined variables. The

Barium sulfate crystals without adding additives

4411

to obtain the lowest crystal deposits.

Despite varying stirring rates and times, mass crystals weighing up to 0.54 gr were

in the yield of barite crystal without chemical additives in Table 2.

sulfate crystal formation

The effect of FeCl

2

additive concentration, stirring speed, and time on the formation

of barium sulfate crystals can use the ANOVA test, which can generate a mathematical

model that relates the independent variables to the response variables, as shown in Table

4.

Table 4

Minitab19 with Box Behnken Design is used to process the data in Table 5. (BBD).

Where the choice of analysis is known, the interaction between factors with the resulting

response. The probability value (p-value) of the degree of significance (0.05) and the lack

of fit value when the p-value is greater than 0.05 indicate the suitability of the appropriate

treatment model (Sari, Triastinurmiatiningsih, & Haryana, 2020). Based on the findings

4413

response to the acquisition of barium sulfate crystals.

The equation obtained from the selected model for the response of barium sulfate

crystal acquisition is as follows:

y = 0,5034 – 0,00384x

+ 0,000070x

+ 0,000275x

+ 0,000055x

– 0,000001x

0,000004x

+ 0,000004x

x

Where :

= stirring speed (rpm)

= mixing time (minutes)

The coefficient of determination (R

2

) denotes the variable magnitude of the

response that can be explained by a model. (Aryantini, 2017). The regression model

demonstrates that variables with positive constants in the model influence the obtained

responses. (Ratnawati, Ekantari, Pradipta, & Paramita, 2013). The mathematical model

in equation (2) yielded a coefficient value of 0.5017 for the FeCl

2

concentration. As a

result, the concentration of the additive FeCl

has a significant influence on the test

& Bafdal, 2019). The coefficient of determination (R

2

) calculated using minitab19

software is 90.95 %, with the remaining 9.05 % influenced by other factors that cannot

be explained by the response. The following results were obtained by optimizing the area

using a graphical contour plot :

Figure 3

to (Fachry, Tumanggor, & Yuni, 2008), states that impurities can inhibit crystal growth

4415

crystal surface can inhibit crystal growth and decrease crystal mass.

Figure 3 (b) depicts the contour plot of barium sulfate crystal recovery as a function

of additive concentration and mixing time. As can be seen, the best results are described

as the brightest color with a stationary point of 0.46. The longer the stirring time, the more

crystals formed, according to (Anggrainy et al., 2014).

Figure 3 (c) depicts a contour plot graph of barium sulfate crystal recovery as a

function of additive concentration and stirring speed. The optimal result of obtaining

barium crystals is shown in a bright green color with a stationary point of 0.46. According

to (Prayuga et al., 2022), the addition of additives can suppress or reduce the reaction rate,

resulting in a decrease in the mass of crystals formed. As a result, the acquisition of

2

Figure 4

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