p–ISSN: 2723-6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254
Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/
Doi: 10.59141/jist.v4i8.656 1175
PLANNING OF THE MAIN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF GEROKGAK
DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR IN THE BURANA DRINKING WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM (SPAM), BULELENG REGENCY
Milyandari N.K.N
Udayana University Bandung, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
*Correspondence
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Accepted
: 27-06-2023
Revised
: 21-08-2023
Approved
: 22-08-2023
The increasing population growth rate in Bali province has led to the
depletion of water sources, while the demand for providing clean
drinking water continues to rise each year. To improve the water
supply, the central government, provincial government, and local
authorities are undertaking an effort to construct the Titab dam with an
associated water supply system called the Burana drinking water supply
system (spam Burana) with a flow rate of 350 liters per second.
Considering this situation, a research study is needed to analyze the
water demand over the next 15 years based on the projected population
using Arithmetic, Geometric, and Least Square Methods in five service
areas: Penyabangan Village, Musi Village, Sanggalangit Village,
Gerokgak Village, and Patas Village. According to the analysis results,
the Geometric Method was used for population projection, with the
smallest standard deviation of 185.368 and the coefficient of
correlation (r) closest to 1, with a value of 0.877. The water demand for
the next 15 years was found to be 82.39 liters per second in the five
service areas. To optimize the provision of clean drinking water, the
analysis recommends using GIP (Galvanized Iron Pipe) with diameters
of 40cm, 20cm, and 25cm, starting from the Gerokgak Reservoir to
Patas Village, with a total distribution pipeline length of 15,438 meters.
WaterNet, a computer program, is required for simulating water flow in
the distribution network with minimal relative errors. The WaterNet
analysis results showed that the criteria for flow velocity (0.3 – 1 m/s),
headloss (< 10 m/km), and pressure (15 – 100 m for GIP) were all met.
The required capacity of the Gerokgak Reservoir for the water supply
service is 1400m3.
Keywords: drinking water
demand; reservoir main
distribution network; internet.
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
Introduction
Clean water is one of the most basic needs for humans because it is needed
constantly in their daily activities to survive. Therefore, humans need clean water
sources obtained from groundwater and surface water (Kencanawati, 2017). However,
not all clean water can be used by humans to meet drinking water needs, only water that
meets drinking water quality requirements can be used for drinking water. Clean water
requirements in the Drinking Water Supply System include quality, quantity, continuity,
and affordability (4k) where in terms of quality, physical, chemical, biological, and
radiological by health regulations (Nasution, 2021). Drinking water is one of the main
goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, namely to provide a
sustainable supply of clean water to substantially prevent the amount of potable water
Milyandari N.K.N
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 1176
scarcity. Therefore, solutions are needed in providing access to decent drinking water
and sufficient quantities, especially for humans (Parabi, Utomo, & Fitria, 2022).
The increasing rate of population growth in Bali Province has resulted in changes
in land function and an imbalance of available natural resources. As a result, the
existence of raw water sources is becoming increasingly limited while the need for raw
water supply for drinking water continues to increase every year. Some of the problems
in fulfilling raw water in Bali are; The availability of raw water is not constant, and the
uneven potential of raw water sources in 8 districts and cities. One of these districts is in
Buleleng Regency (Suhardi & Darmansyah, 2019). Problems in the development and
management of natural resources across regions, conflicts over water use with subak
(irrigation water), and imbalances between the development of drinking water
infrastructure with population growth and the development of residential areas
Population growth in Buleleng Regency (Mohan, Yadav, Panchal, & Brahmbhatt,
2019). In response to this increase, it is necessary to increase access to adequate
facilities and infrastructure, one of which is to increase the development of the area,
especially in meeting drinking water needs (Wibawa & Sastra, 2022).
Since 1970, the Government has made efforts to develop drinking water supply
systems until now the provision of access to drinking water including piping systems
has been developed and built using various approaches and regions (urban and rural).
Based on the Drinking Water Supply System Master Plan, Buleleng Regency has an
area of 136,588 Ha which has sufficient raw water potential, but the fulfillment is not
evenly enough, where there are still villages located in areas with topography in the
highlands that are still far from the water distribution pipe system (Malau & Sulandari,
2020).
In increasing the fulfillment of access to drinking water in Buleleng Regency, the
government made efforts, namely the construction of the Titan Dam which was carried
out for four years starting from 2011 to 2015 and began to be filled with a water holding
capacity of 10.08 million m3 (Harmayani, Yekti, Suputra, & Putra, 2019). Titab Dam is
used as a source of raw water that serves four districts, namely Gerokgak District,
Banjar District, Seririt District, and Busungbiu District. In service access, the water
service system is called "Burana SPAM (Buleleng-Jembrana)" with a planned discharge
of 350 lt/s which is expected to provide standards of quantity, quality, continuity, and
affordability of services for 28,000 SR covering West Buleleng Regency reaching
24,000 SR and Jembrana Regency (Gilimanuk Area) reaching 4,000.
Burana SPAM consists of two IPAs, namely the upper Titab IPA which is planned
to serve villages in the Busungbiu District, Banjar District, and part of Seririt District
with a capacity of 150 l / s, then the lower Titab IPA serves the water needs of parts of
Seririt District, Gerokgak District, and Gilimanuk Area with a capacity of 200 l / s.
Water from the Lower Titab IPA and Lower Titab IPA will be distributed to each
distribution reservoir using a pumping and gravity system (Amilia Agustin & Dian
Pramirasuci, 2022).
Planning Of The Main Distribution Network Of Gerokgak Distribution Reservoir In The Burana
Drinking Water Supply System (Spam), Buleleng Regency
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 1177
From the description above, while still paying attention to the interest and
sustainability of water resources development programs in the Buleleng Regency area,
especially the fulfillment of water distribution in the Burana SPAM service, it is
necessary to plan the main distribution of reservoirs. The system carried out is currently
still under construction, namely the installation of the main distribution pipe of the
Singaraja-Gilimanuk road. The plan has not reviewed the reservoir capacity plan and
the distribution pipeline length plan from Gerokgak Reservoir for its service area
(Wutich, 2020).
The location planning of Gerokgak Reservoir is located in Gerokgak District with
an elevation of ±60m above sea level. Based on the area according to the area of use, it
is known that Gerokgak District has an area of 87,586 km². For the geographical
location of the region, Gerokgak District is located between 8o 15' 31" - 3o 49' 70"
South Latitude and 114o 46' 28" - 3o 96' 20" East Longitude (Dosu & Hanrahan, 2021).
Gerokgak District is a coastal area on the North Coast of Bali Island with the current
condition of raw water which is 10.23% for PDAM, then PAMDESA 47.27%, and Non-
Piping 47.50% (BPPW Bali 2020). From this description, the largest use of raw water is
non-piped, this has the potential to cause a water deficit over the next few years, thereby
reducing the fulfillment of clean water requirements, namely (4k).
Therefore, an analysis of clean water needs for the next 15 years is needed,
namely planning the Main Distribution Network of Gerokgak Reservoir to serve 5 (five)
villages including Penyabangan Village, Musi Village, Sanggalangit Village, Gerokgak
Village, and Patas Village (Exposto, Lino, Quim, Goncalves, & Vicente, 2021).
Research Methods
The scope of research on the planning of the main distribution network of the
Gerokgak Reservoir using this WATERNET hydraulic simulation includes the design
of a water distribution network covering the raw water resources of Burana SPAM to
the Gerokgak reservoir for 5 Service Villages, Gerokgak District, Buleleng Regency.
population data, topographic maps of pipelines, Burana SPAM schemes, and planning
water needs in 5 service villages using secondary data. For Existing Conditions, SPAM
Burana uses primary data. Hydraulic simulation of the water distribution network in the
WATERNET application was carried out using a Hazen-Williams calculation basis.
A. Research Location
The primary data collection location is at Burana SPAM for the Gerokgak
Reservoir drinking water distribution network system development plan in 5 Service
Villages, Gerokgak District, Buleleng Regency, Regency The primary data collection
location is on the Gerokgak Reservoir drinking water distribution network system
development plan pipeline located in Gerokgak District.
B. Data Collection
Data collection consists of primary data and secondary data. The primary data
used in this study was obtained by direct survey of the existing network to determine
the progress of Burana SPAM development to date and interviews were conducted by
Milyandari N.K.N
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 1178
meeting directly with the Burana SPAM management to find out the performance and
service conditions of Burana SPAM. Secondary data in the form of the population in
each service village, Topographic data used as a basis in piping network simulation,
Burana SPAM scheme is used to determine the dimensions and types of pipes that have
been planned to be used as input data for existing models. Meanwhile, water needs are
planned in 5 villages as additional water needs are in demand in SPAM Burana.
C. Design and input of attribute information of the main distribution network of
drinking water
To design the Gerokgak Reservoir distribution network, the first step is to import
elevation data from Google Earth. In this way, the main distribution network of
geographically referenced drinking water will be formed based on the digitized results
of Google Earth. The drawing of the pipe is in the form of a line connecting the
specified points (nodes). Pipe length and elevation are manually inputted in the
WATERNET system. In addition, it is possible to assign roughness values to pipes by
entering standard roughness values according to the type of pipe material (steel, GIP
iron, PE, and others). Furthermore, valves and pumps are treated like connecting
objects (e.g., pipes) in a WATERNET application, so it is necessary to specify two new
start and end points to insert them automatically, between existing pipes.
Results and Discussion
Planning of a Gerokgak reservoir distribution system network that distributes raw
water from Burana SPAM located in the planned Titab Reservoir in Sanggalangit
Village, Musi Village, Logging Village, Gerokgak Village, and Patas Village, Gerokgak
District, Buleleng Regency. This study begins with a projection of the number of
residents in each service area. The population data used was obtained from the Central
Bureau of Statistics of Buleleng Regency. The population data is based on population
data for each sub-district in Buleleng Regency 5 years before planning, namely from
2018 to 2022. For analysis of calculation methods using 3 general methods including
Arithmetic Method, Geometric Method, and least square method. Furthermore, based
on the calculation results of 5 villages of the Gerokgak Reservoir service plan, the
Geometric Method produces the smallest average standard deviation value of 185.368
with the closest correlation coefficient (r) to 1, which is with an average value of 0.877.
The formula of the Geometry Method is written like the equation: Pn=Po(1+r)^n
So that in the next calculation using the population based on geometric methods
according to Tables 1 and 2 From this rate with the above formula approach, the
population in 2037 is 44,963 people spread across 5 villages.
Table 1
Standard deviation results from the calculation of each village
Village
Standard Deviation
Geometric
Least Square
Planning Of The Main Distribution Network Of Gerokgak Distribution Reservoir In The Burana
Drinking Water Supply System (Spam), Buleleng Regency
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 1179
1
Sanggalangit
112,18
143,41
2
Must
30,76
32,74
3
Penyabangan
417,34
565,34
4
Legs
116,53
152,59
5
Gerokgak
250,03
283,71
Average
185,368
235,558
Table 2
The correlation coefficient of results from each village
Village
Correlation Coefficient
Geometric
Least Square
1
Sanggalangit
0,893
0,651
2
Must
0,822
0,653
3
Penyabangan
0,876
0,625
4
Legs
0,987
0,700
5
Gerokgak
0,811
0,653
Average
0,877
0,656
Then the results of the analysis of drinking water needs in the plan of 5 Gerokgak
Reservoir service villages with calculations based on this study from the beginning of
2022 to the planning year of 2037 obtained the results of the total water demand in the
Gerokgak Reservoir of 82.39 lt / second.
So that the planning of the Gerokgak Reservoir Main Distribution Network as a
new source of raw water supplied from Burana SPAM to 5 service villages can meet
drinking water needs with a discharge of 82.39 l / s for the next 15 years starting from
the planning year 2022 to 2037. The following are the results of the analysis of the
Water Needs of the Gerokgak Reservoir Service Area in 2037 shown in Table 3:
Table 3
Water Needs Analysis of Gerokgak Reservoir Service Area in 2037
No
Village
Total
Population
Water Requirement (l/s)
Water Requirement
(l/s)
Milyandari N.K.N
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 1180
Served in
2037
(Soul)
House.
Non
Dom.
Water
Loss
(l/s)
Total
Max
Day.
Jam
Top
1
Sanggalangit
7410
8,57
1,71
2,058
10,29
13,58
20,4
2
Must
3895
4,50
0,90
1,25
5,41
7,14
10,7
3
Penyabangan
11068
12,81
2,56
3,074
15,37
20,29
30,4
4
Gerokgak
9900
11,45
2,29
2,75
13,75
18,15
27,2
5
Legs
12670
14,66
2,93
3,52
17,60
23,23
34,8
Total
44943
51,99
10,39
12,652
62,42
82,39
123,5
To accommodate the production capacity of raw water sources which will be
associated with the projected amount of water demand, the calculation of the capacity of
the Gerokgak Reservoir concerning the dimensions of the reservoir is based on the
volume of 15 - 20% of the total production per day and 10% of the volume for the
power room of the reservoir volume. For the results of the analysis, the volume capacity
of Gerokgak Reservoir needed for 15 years of planning for 5 service villages is 1400m3,
with an area of 467m2, and a height of 3m. The calculation results are presented in
Table 4.
Table 4
No
Village Name
Unit
Debit
1
Patas Village
l/det
23,23
2
Gerokgak Village
l/det
18,15
3
Sanggalangit Village
l/det
13,58
4
Musi Village
l/det
7,14
5
Logging Village
l/det
20,29
Total
l/det
m³
82,39
1423,78
1
Volume Reservoir
2
Reservoir Rounding
m³
1400
3
High Reservoir
m
3
4
Area of Reservoir Base
m2
467
5
Reservoir Length
m
22
6
Reservoir Width
m
22
Reservoir Dimension
Analysis
1
Reservoir Length
m
22
2
Reservoir Width
m
22
3
High Reservoir
m
3
To be able to achieve a maximum residual pressure of 100 m, it is planned to use
a Galvanized Iron Pipe (GIP) type pipe from the results of the analysis of the Hydraulic
Profile of the Gerokgak Distribution Conservatory, obtained from the dimensions of the
pipe used with a diameter of 40 cm from the Gerokgak Reservoir to the tapping fork of
Sanggalangit Village, followed by a 20 cm diameter pipe from Sanggalangit Village to
Planning Of The Main Distribution Network Of Gerokgak Distribution Reservoir In The Burana
Drinking Water Supply System (Spam), Buleleng Regency
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 1181
the position of Musi Village, and continued with a pipe diameter of 25 cm for Logging
Village, Gerokgak Village, and Patas Village with a length ranging from 910 m to 425
m. For major energy loss, flow speed, and residual pressure, 2 methods of manual
calculation and simulation of the WATERNET program are used. For manual
calculations, major energy loss results are obtained in manual calculations, namely
0.232144015 - 1.191281805 m, drainage speed of 0.2548 - 0.6608 m/s, and remaining
pressure 34.69 - 43.73m. To calculate the discharge can be calculated by the following
equation:
D = [Q/(0,27853.C.S
0,54
)]
0.38
(2)
To calculate the Flow Speed can be calculated by the following equation:
V= [Q/((0,25 x 3,14 x (D x 100
2
)] (3)
To calculate Head Loss can be calculated by the following equation:
sf = [(Q/(0,27853.C.D2.63)]1.85 (4)
hf = S x L (5)
To calculate the remaining pressure can be calculated by the following sum:
Residual Pressure = High Pressure + Remaining Pressure
The Gerokgak Reservoir distribution piping planning system is planned by gravity
by referring to the criteria of water flow in the pipe, namely flow velocity between 0.3
m/s - 1m/s, pressure of more than 10 m, major energy loss (< 10 m/m), and residual
pressure (15 to 100 m) for the type of Galvanized Iron Pipe (GIP). Based on the criteria,
the results of manual calculations have not produced a flow speed above 0.3, which is
0.2548.
The next calculation uses a calculation simulation from the internet program to
find out the final result of the analysis. The input steps of the pipeline network at the
node elevation points on the Waternet are by the plan such as The dimensions of the
pipe used; Knowing how much energy is lost on the planned pipeline, and Knowing
water fluctuations in service hour reservoirs. In the installation of pipes in water nets, in
general, the data inputted include pipe length, pipe type, and primary and secondary
energy loss coefficients. In the simulation on the internet, the shape of the pipe is in the
form of a straight line. From the results of network simulations for drinking water
distribution networks in 5 service planning areas of the Gerokgak Reservoir Main
Distribution Network, namely Sanggalangit Village, Musi Village, Logging Village,
Gerokgak Village, and Patas Village, there is no problem (not laminar). This means that
hydraulically the network can provide services as desired at each node. Network scheme
The Scheme under Constant Conditions 5 Service Areas can be shown in Figure 1.
Milyandari N.K.N
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 1182
Figure 1
Network scheme under constant conditions 5 service areas
Then the results of the internet hydraulic simulation show that the piping network
designed meets the design criteria. Where for speeds of 0.3548 to 0.6608 m/s (0.3 - 1
m/s), headloss (major energy loss) 0.00 – 9.819 m (< 10 m/m), and remaining pressure
33.28 to 43.73 m (15 to 100 m) for Galvanized Iron Pipe (GIP) types. the results of the
Pipeline and Flow Data (Last hour on Constant flow) can be shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Pipeline and Flow Data (Last hour on Constant flow)
Conclusion
Drinking water needs in 5 service areas for the next 15 years in 2037, for
Sanggalangit Village 13.58 l/s, Musi Village 7.14 l/s, Penyabangan Village 20.29 l/s,
Gerokgak Village 18.15 l/s, and Patas Village 23.23 l/s. For the total drinking water
needs in all 5 service areas, it is 82.39 l/s. Hydraulic simulations show that the
calculation results of pipe analysis with diameters of 40cm, 20cm, and 25cm with the
total length of the entire water distribution pipeline system is 15438m, the piping
network designed meets the design criteria for speeds of 0.3548 to 0.6608 m/s (0.3 - 1
m/s), headloss (major energy loss) 0.00 – 9.819 m (< 10 m/m), and remaining pressure
33.28 to 43.73 m (15 to 100 m) with the volume capacity of Gerokgak Reservoir needed
for 15 years Planning for 5 service villages is 1400m3, with an area of 467m2, and a
height of 3m. Hydraulical analysis based on the Internet program showed a more timely
Planning Of The Main Distribution Network Of Gerokgak Distribution Reservoir In The Burana
Drinking Water Supply System (Spam), Buleleng Regency
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 1183
and cost-effective alternative method for conducting preliminary studies of the
Gerokgak Reservoir distribution system development plan. Furthermore, future studies
can be carried out by integrating the focus on drinking water needs for public facilities
in densely populated locations and supporting the maintenance of the main distribution
network in each Burana SPAM reservoir planning.
Milyandari N.K.N
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2023 1184
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