p–ISSN: 2723 - 660 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No.10 October 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4330

The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and

Suicidal Ideation in Student Victims of

Bullying in Yogyakarta

Debby Sannya Indah Putry M

, Ratna Yunita Setiyani Subardjo

Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Universitas Kebangsaan Malaysia,

Bnagi, Selangor, Malaysia

Email: [email protected]

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Keywords: Bullying;

Suicidal Ideation;

Victimization; Social

Support; Intervention

Suicidal ideation arises in individuals or groups who feel

overwhelmed by pressure and a sense of hopelessness. Bullying is

a significant factor that contributes to severe psychological and

social impacts on both victims and perpetrators. The growing

prevalence of bullying today requires special attention, as it not

only harms the victims but also negatively affects the bullies

themselves. This study uses the scale of the Relationship of

Bullying Victimization to Suicidal Ideation (suicidal ideation) in

students who are victims of bullying in Yogyakarta. The type of

research used is correlational quantitative research. Quantitative

research is a research method that aims to find out if the individual

has experienced a victim of bullying that causes suicidal thoughts.

Suicidal Ideation and Bullying are known to have a significance

value of 0.736, where this value is greater than 0.05. So, it can be

concluded that the two variables have a significant relationship or

correlation with a strong correlation level. Victims of bullying can

be open and seek help from their parents, close friends and family

so that they do not experience the risk of suicidal ideation (suicidal

ideation) or other effects of bullying. In addition, victims must

have positive thoughts when they feel hurt so that they do not think

badly to do suicidal ideation (suicidal ideation).

Introduction

Suicidal ideation is a person's memory of taking his life, which is communicated

verbally or with a message that has a specific reason or to show people around him about

the consideration of damaging the person. Suicide ideation is a thought that leads to death;

the individual plans to die, specifically eliminating from life (Dowie, 2020). Suicidal

ideation is caused by the vulnerability of a group of people or individuals due to pressure

that they cannot cope with and a sense of inability to survive in their lives (Yunitasari et

al., 2023).

The stressful current conditions and situations that occur in a person's life can give

rise to emotional reactions, both positive and negative, which can cause the individual to

experience severe stress that leads to depression and even suicidal behavior. Several

studies mention that several risk factors can be associated with suicidal behavior, namely

depression, absence or low coping ability, high avoidance of stressors and lack of close

The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Suicidal Ideation in Student

Victims of Bullying in Yogyakarta

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4331

social relationships (Ati et al., 2021). However, not everyone who experiences negative

emotions will continue to commit suicide. When a person is faced with a situation that

raises negative emotions, some people can cope and regulate their emotions well so that

it does not lead to suicidal behavior. Still, some other people, when they feel that they are

not able to regulate their emotions, can have the urge and idea to commit suicide (Brausch

et al., 2022).

Suicidal behavior is an individual's attempt to avoid or avoid emotions when

facing emotional distress. Thus, the regulation of emotions is a very important process in

a person's life related to suicidal ideation. In addition to emotional regulation, social

support is another factor that can influence suicidal ideation. The importance of social

support has consistently emerged in studies that address suicidal recognition and

psychopathological development. From year to year, suicide cases are increasing, and

the World Health Organization (WHO) states that there is one person who dies by suicide

every 40 seconds. This suicide case is also growing in Indonesia, which ranks 159th in

suicide cases in the world (Al-Halabí & Fonseca-Pedrero, 2021). Suicide in Indonesia

also ranks second as the cause of death at a young age ranging from 15-29 years old

(Susilawati, 2018). Meanwhile, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated that

in 2013, suicide was the second leading cause of death in 13-34-year-olds (Center for

Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). In Indonesia itself, Amarullah (Ratih & Tobing,

2016) also stated that the highest suicide cases in Indonesia are in the age group of 15 to

24 years.

Some suicide cases at a young age occurred in students, which at the end of 2022

became news in several media. These suicide cases include the discovery of students in

Yogyakarta who jumped from the 11th floor, three students in Semarang who also

committed suicide by jumping and cutting their hands and students in Makassar who

committed suicide by hanging themselves (Ratih & Tobing, 2016). Based on research

conducted in six ASEAN countries, of which Indonesia is one, it was found that students

had suicidal ideation of 22.7% and suicide attempts of 2.4% (Peltzer et al., 2017).

However, there is no definite data regarding the number of suicide cases, whether it is

tied to ideas, intentions or suicide attempts. This is because suicide cases are not well

recorded, so many cases are still not neatly reported and still not centralized. So far,

reports of suicides have been obtained from provincial data. There is a difference in case

data between the police and the Indonesian Ministry of Health data. Therefore, it is

difficult to conclude suicide case data other than some given in the media. In this suicide

attempt, data was obtained that most individuals committed suicide by hanging

themselves, using poison, jumping from heights, and using sharp weapons (Hakim et al.,

2023).

Some studies have found that bullying has a role in suicidal ideation in victims.

The results of research from (Bannink et al., 2014) and (Reed et al., 2015) found that

bullying victims have a relationship that causes an incident to occur with the risk of

suicidal ideation. In addition, suicidal ideation in research conducted by (Pratiwi &

Undarwati, 2014) states that several factors, such as social pressure, friendship, low self-

esteem, psychological pressure, and others, influence the occurrence of suicidal ideation.

Some victims of bullying also experience social pressure from peers, making them feel

anxious and depressed. As a result of the initial interviews in this study, some people said

that they feel too hurt when they are bullied and cannot return the pain to others because

they have no other way to get rid of the pain and only have thoughts of hurting themselves

with suicidal thoughts.

Debby Sannya Indah Putry M, Ratna Yunita Setiyani Subardjo

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4332

Bullying is currently one of the problems that needs more attention. Bullying is

one of the problems that must be considered because bullying can have a serious

psychological and social impact both on the victim and the behavior concerned (Tumon,

2014). The current condition of bullying, which is often encountered, needs to be given

special attention because the prevalence of bullying at this time is increasing, causing a

negative impact on the victim and the bullying perpetrator. Mesesini (Evans &

Smokowski, 2016) added that bullying is a dangerous behavior that permeates so that it

causes many risky impacts for the victim. The risks of bullying behavior include that it

can trigger individuals to experience interpersonal difficulties, depression, loneliness,

anxiety, low self-esteem, and the worst is suicidal ideation.

Bullying can be in the form of ridicule, insults, beatings, or bullying from social

media by providing comments that contain bad words and swear words on someone's

posts. The incidence of bullying with suicide attempt behavior is currently influenced by

other factors that aggravate the behavior. Still, bullying as the initial trigger, in line with

the theory of mental health problems, is multi-factorial, not a single cause (Khalid, 2019).

The physical impact that victims usually experience is the appearance of physical health

complaints such as headaches, abdominal pain, and tension in the muscles. Meanwhile,

the mental impact that can occur on bullying victims is depression, anxiety, and sleep

problems (Zakiyah et al., 2017). The appearance of depression in bullying victims that

occurs in a person can make the person feel depressed (Tumon, 2014). Bullying attacks

can also occur through technology or the internet, which is usually called cyberbullying.

Cyberbullying is a traumatic event that can cause various psychopathologies, including

feelings of depression, low self-esteem and low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, as

well as feelings of hopelessness and loneliness that can give rise to suicidal ideation

(Baiden & Tadeo, 2020). Meanwhile, the impact of cyberbullying, such as smoking,

alcohol consumption, and even suicidal ideation, on suicide attempts (Wiguna et al.,

2018).

However, from the legal realm, the legal rules on cyberbullying are still weak, so

they cannot be used effectively in court even though cyberbullying behavior can have a

fatal impact. There is even a potential suicide attempt by the victim if they cannot

overcome the trauma of cyberbullying (Nugraha, 2019). Based on age group data in WHO

Indonesia, the age group of 15-29 years shows that the suicide rate is higher compared to

the age of 30-49 years. Suicide is the second highest cause of death in 15-29 years in

general (WHO, 2016 in (Dwiyanti, 2022)

Based on the problems that have been discussed by the researcher above, along

with the theories and results of previous studies on the influence of bullying on suicidal

ideation or suicidal ideation, is the background of the research in this study. Based on this

phenomenon, researchers are interested in further researching this problem in male and

female students who get bullied by others so that they have suicidal ideation.

Methods

In a study, the user of the method is essential in finding the validation of the data

to be obtained. Likewise, with this research, it is hoped that the technique used is by the

object of the problem to be studied. The research entitled The Effect of Bullying on

Suicidal Ideation (suicidal ideation) on Bullying Victim Students in Yogyakarta. The type

of research used is correlational quantitative research. Quantitative research is a research

method that aims to find out if the individual has experienced a victim of bullying that

causes suicidal thoughts. This research data is in the form of numbers and analysis that

The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Suicidal Ideation in Student

Victims of Bullying in Yogyakarta

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4333

will be used to research a specific population or sample by collecting data using

quantitative/statistical data analysis research instruments to test the hypothesis that has

been determined (Ali, 2021). Correlational research tests how much variation is from one

variable to another in the correlation coefficient. This correlation approach can provide

information about the level of a relationship between variables (Franzese & Iuliano,

2018).

This data collection method or research instrument uses a psychological scale. It

uses a questionnaire as a data collection tool that will be disseminated through social

media or the Internet. A questionnaire consists of several written statements to obtain

answers from respondents. The answers to each item of this instrument ranged from the

highest to the lowest for determining the number of samples using the Krejcie and Morgan

tables for a population of 384 respondents.

This study uses the scale of the Relationship of Bullying Victimization to Suicidal

Ideation (suicidal ideation) in students who are victims of bullying in Yogyakarta. The

scale used consists of the Bullying scale statement item and the Suicidal ideation scale

item (suicidal ideation), which will be supported using the SPPS application and

statistical methods in the form of normality, linearity and product moment tests.

Results and Discussion

This study uses a quantitative method with a correlational approach to determine

the relationship between two variables, namely the bullying and suicidal ideation

variables. This data tester used a product-moment correlation test, where the researchers

previously took several steps, such as categorizing variables by conducting a normality

test and a linearity test using SPSS 21.

Figure 1. Number of males and females by age

Respondents in this study are characterized by active students in Yogyakarta, with

169 male and 195 female respondents. Thirty-five people consisted of 15 men and 20

women who were 18 years old, thirty-seven people consisted of 15 men and 22 women

who were 19 years old, sixty-three people consisted of 25 men and 38 women who were

15 15

18 18

18 tahun 19 tahun 20 tahun 21 tahun 22 tahun 23 tahun 24 tahun

Laki-laki Perempuan

Debby Sannya Indah Putry M, Ratna Yunita Setiyani Subardjo

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4334

20 years old, eighty-eight people consisted of 40 men and 48 women who were 21 years

old, seventy people consisted of 38 men and 32 women who were 22 years old, thirty-

eight people consisted of 18 men and 20 women who were 23 years old, and thirty-three

people consisted of 18 men and 15 women who were 24 years old.

Based on the results of the normality test analysis (Table 1), it is known that the

Asymp.Sig (2-tailed) value is 0.219, where this value is greater than 0.05. So, it can be

concluded that the data in this study is normally distributed

Table 1. Normality Test

Unstandardiz

ed Residual

384

Normal Parameters

a,b

Mean

.0000000

Std. Deviation

8.88451293

Most Extreme

Differences

Absolute

.054

Positive

.054

Negative

-.052

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z

1.051

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

.219

Based on the results of the linearity test (Table 2), it is known that the variable

can be seen that the significance value is 0.82, where this value is greater than 0.05. So,

it can be concluded that the data obtained from the two variables in this study are linear.

Table 2. Linearity Test

Sum of

Squares

Mean

Square

Sig.

VAR00003 *

VAR00004

Between Groups

(Combined)

22586.479

778.844

320.2

.000

Linearity

22490.139

22490.13

9247.

288

.000

Deviation from

Linearity

96.339

3.441

1.415

.082

Within Groups

860.956

354

2.432

Total

23447.435

383

Based on the results of the Pearson correlation test (Table 3), Suicidal Ideation

and Bullying are known to have a significance value of 0.736, where this value is greater

than 0.05. So, it can be concluded that the two variables have a significant relationship or

correlation with a strong correlation level.

The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Suicidal Ideation in Student

Victims of Bullying in Yogyakarta

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4335

Table 3. Pearson Correlation

VAR00001

VAR00002

VAR00001

Pearson Correlation

.736

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

384

VAR00002

Pearson Correlation

.736

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

384

Bullying and Suicidal Ideation (suicidal ideation) are interrelated aspects because

the higher the level, the higher the bullying in the subject. The level of suicidal ideation

consists of an active desire to commit suicide, specific plans for suicide and passive

willingness to commit suicide; the higher the suicidal ideation (suicidal ideation) in the

subject.

Bullying is an influencing variable because bullying has serious problems that can

have a psychological and social impact both for the victim and the perpetrator concerned.

Individuals who are unable to develop themselves will be at risk of having strong suicidal

ideation and making active efforts to end their lives.

Connectivity and pain factors are the main focus to determine the effect on the

rate of suicidal ideation. High interpersonal sensitivity can interfere with an individual's

connection to others. Likewise, dissatisfaction with body shape can cause psychological

pain and intrapersonal problems.

In practical terms, victims of bullying can be open and seek help from their

parents, close friends and family so that they do not experience the risk of suicidal

ideation (suicidal ideation) or other effects of bullying. In addition, victims must have

positive thoughts when they feel hurt so that they do not think badly to do suicidal ideation

(suicidal ideation).

Conclusion

Suicidal ideation is thoughts about ending a life that is often triggered by

emotional distress and stressful situations, including bullying. This phenomenon is

increasing among students, especially in Indonesia, where suicide cases at a young age

are relatively high.

This study shows that the higher the level of bullying experienced by students, the

higher the level of suicidal ideation they experience. This confirms that bullying is a

significant factor that affects suicidal ideation in students. In the regulation of emotions,

the ability to manage emotions is essential. Individuals who experience bullying often are

unable to regulate their emotions properly, which increases the risk of suicidal ideation

(suicidal ideation). For social support, this lack of social support can exacerbate the

impact of bullying; In contrast, good support can reduce the risk of suicidal ideation;

bullying victims need to seek support from their parents, close friends or family to reduce

the risk of suicidal ideation.

Debby Sannya Indah Putry M, Ratna Yunita Setiyani Subardjo

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4336

This study states that there is a significant and robust relationship between

bullying and suicidal ideation (suicidal ideation) in students in Yogyakarta. This can

provide appropriate treatment and adequate support to victims of bullying to reduce the

negative impact of bullying and prevent suicidal ideation (suicidal ideation) on their

mental health.

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