p-ISSN: 2723-6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254
Vol. 5, No. 10 October 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4076
Material Flow Analysis of Plastic Waste for Circular
Economy Potential: A Case Study of Wijaya Kusuma and
Sidomakmur Waste Banks in Metro City
Nabila Putriyandri Alifa1* , Arini Adelia2 , Aulia Annas Mufti3
Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia
Email: [email protected].id 1*, [email protected]2,
*Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Plastic waste;
Circular economy;
Material Flow Analysis
(MFA); Waste banks;
Metro City
The handling of plastic waste remains an ongoing environmental
issue in Indonesian municipalities. The aim of this study is to
employ Material Flow Analysis (MFA) to assess the efficacy of
two central waste banks in Metro City: Bank Sampah Induk (BSI)
Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur. The research examines the
extent in which these facilities help foster a circular economy and
minimize plastic waste by recycling three different forms of
plastic: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density
polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Qualitative data
was gathered through stakeholder interviews, literature reviews,
observations, and close inspection of the processes utilized to treat
the collected plastic waste. The study determines both BSI
efficacy by comparing the plastic intake and exit flows and
figuring out how much garbage is left over after processing.By
shredding and recycling into pelletized plastic, BSI Wijaya
Kusuma was able to reduce waste by 88.4%, which helped to
promote a circular economy. BSI Sidomakmur, on the other hand,
showed little technological expertise by employing a compactor
resorting to external partnerships to further recycle despite
achieving a 96.4% reduction. Even with these facility-level
achievements, the aggregate effect of both waste banks only
contributes 1.2% to the overall reduction of plastic waste in Metro
City. In order to strengthen regional circular economy efforts, this
study emphasizes the necessity of more extensive waste bank
integration and technology advancements. The results give
stakeholders and policymakers important information for
enhancing waste management plans and advancing sustainable
economic models.
Introduction
Urban waste management remains one of the most pressing environmental issues
in many Indonesian cities, with practical solutions still elusive in many areas (Naibaho,
2016; Yusuf, 2022). Among the existing waste streams, plastic waste is a particularly
intractable problem due to its non-biodegradable nature and its widespread use in
households, markets, offices, and public facilities (Suparyanto & Rosad, 2020). In
Material Flow Analysis of Plastic Waste for Circular Economy Potential: A Case Study of
Wijaya Kusuma and Sidomakmur Waste Banks in Metro City
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4077
response, handling plastic waste at its source is necessary for optimal waste reduction.
One mechanism that is considered adequate in this regard is the establishment of waste
banks (Iqbal & Suheri, 2019). Waste banks are beneficial in reducing the volume of waste
entering landfills and providing economic benefits to their customers. One example is
Bank Sampah Malang (BSM), which shows that waste banks play an important role in
reducing waste and empowering the community's economy through recycling activities
(Kurniawati, 2018).
One instrument to determine the effectiveness of waste banks in reducing plastic
waste is to use Material Flow Analysis (MFA) so that the flow of materials entering the
system can be quantified in both the flow of inputs, outputs and transformations (Brunner
& Rechberger, 2017). In addition. MFA can be used to analyze material integration in
circular economy models by minimizing waste generation and maximizing resource use
efficiency by returning waste as input to a production process (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017).
Thus, the value of the contribution made by waste banks can be measured in terms of the
environment and the economy.
Metro City, as the second city in Lampung province, is not immune to the problem
of plastic waste, where the composition of plastic waste reaches 24.07% of the total waste
generation (SIPSN, 2023). The current waste management paradigm in Metro City still
relies heavily on the final approach, namely sending waste to the Final Processing Site
(TPA) in Karang Rejo. Until 2022, the volume of waste disposed to the landfill daily
reached 220 m³.
In response to this, the Metro City Government supports the establishment of
waste banks at the urban village and sub-district levels, given the enormous economic
potential that can be gained from waste management (Sukamto, 2022). Therefore, the
Metro City Government will continue to support Bank Sampah Unit (BSU) in collecting
waste from the source and Bank Sampah Induk (BSI) in converting waste into new
products. In Metro City, two Parent Waste Banks manage plastic waste: the Wijaya
Kusuma Parent Waste Bank and the Sidomakmur Parent Waste Bank.
Several previous studies have examined plastic waste management and the
implementation of a circular economy through waste banks. For instance, Kurniawati
(2018) found that the Malang Waste Bank successfully reduced waste volume and
empowered the local economy through plastic recycling. Similarly, Aisyah et al. (2014)
identified that processing plastic waste into plastic pellets in certain regions added
significant economic value and helped reduce the burden on landfills.
However, this study differs from previous research by focusing on the Material
Flow Analysis (MFA) of two central waste banks in Metro City, namely the Wijaya
Kusuma and Sidomakmur Waste Banks. This research not only measures the
effectiveness of plastic waste reduction but also assesses the circular economy potential
of managed plastic waste, utilizing MFA techniques and the STAN application to map
the material flow in greater detail. This study also provides a broader perspective on how
waste bank technology and procedures can enhance the economic value of plastic waste.
Nabila Putriyandri Alifa, Arini Adelia, Aulia Annas Mufti
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4078
This research is entitled "Material Flow Analysis of Plastic Waste for Circular
Economy Potential: A Case Study of the Parent Waste Bank Wijaya Kusuma and
Sidomakmur in Metro City." As the Main Waste Bank (BSI), BSI Wijaya Kusuma and
Sidomakmur are downstream of the collection activities of the unit waste banks in Metro
City. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of waste reduction using MFA and
analyze the circular economic potential of the two waste bank units. This study
investigated the circular economy potential of 3 recyclable plastic wastes, namely
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyethylene of High Density (HDPE), and PP
(Polypropylene).
Research Methods
This qualitative research was conducted at BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI
Sidomakmur. The location was determined by direct observation and information
obtained from government agencies, such as the Metro City Environmental Agency
(DLH), regarding the activeness of the waste bank. This qualitative research uses
literature study and field study data collection techniques. Literature study data collection
is done by collecting data from relevant literature for this research. This research uses this
literature study conceptually and methodologically as a reference and comparison. On the
other hand, field studies were conducted using interviews and observations to obtain
primary and secondary data.
To determine the percentage effectiveness of waste banks in reducing waste, data
from Metro City's waste generation, plastic waste generation at BSI Wijaya Kusuma's
waste generation, and plastic waste generation at BSI Sidomakmur must be compared.
Measurement of effectiveness will use a percentage calculation with the following
formula: (Kustanti et al., 2020)
%𝐸𝑓𝑒𝑘tift= Managed waste generation
Comparative waste generation𝑥100%..............................................................(3.1)
From the above calculations, data will be obtained:
1. Percentage of waste treatment in Metro City.
2. Percentage of waste reduction in Central Metro Sub-district.
3. Percentage of waste reduction in Metro Utara sub-district.
Then, this research analysis uses the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) method to
review the material flow of plastic waste in waste banks and the effectiveness of waste
banks. Analysis of the Circular Economic Potential of Plastic Waste in Waste Banks used
the descriptive analysis method. The data analyzed were on plastic waste management
procedures and the technology used by BSI. The procedure data was processed to
complete the scope of the analysis of the circular economic potential of plastic waste in
waste banks, as shown in Figure X.
Material Flow Analysis of Plastic Waste for Circular Economy Potential: A Case Study of
Wijaya Kusuma and Sidomakmur Waste Banks in Metro City
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4079
Figure 1. Scope of Circular Economy Potential Analysis
at BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur
Description:
C =Waste Bank customers
W = Total plastic waste entering BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur
r = Recyclable plastic waste
R = Plastic waste that has the potential to become a resource
P = Plastic waste that has been processed into new products
S = Residue that has no economic value and will be disposed of back to the Metro
City Landfill.
Unknown:
a. C W, to determine the total plastic waste entering BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI
Sidomakmur.
b. W S, to determine the type and total plastic waste that cannot be recycled at BSI
Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur and is directly disposed of at the Metro City
Final Processing Site (TPAS). The S value is the residue expressed in kg/day.
c. W r, to determine the type and total plastic waste that can be recycled into raw
materials at BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur.
d. r R, by knowing the types of plastic waste that can be recycled (r), the total
plastic waste that has the potential to become a resource (R) can be known. The
following data needs to be known: a list of categories of plastic waste that can be
recycled and the effectiveness of plastic waste that can potentially become new
resources, such as raw materials for plastic seeds.
The categories of plastic waste that can be recycled as raw materials for plastic beans
are polyethene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethene (HDPE), and polypropylene
(PP). Then, the plastic waste that has the potential to become a new resource is calculated
with the following formula:
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒c𝑡𝑖vene𝑠𝑠 = Managed PET waste generation
The accumulation of PET waste entering the BSI 𝑥 100%
........................................................................(3.2)
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒c𝑡𝑖vene𝑠𝑠 = The managed accumulation of HDPE waste
The accumulation of HDPE waste entering the BSI 𝑥 100%
........................................................................(3.3)
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒c𝑡𝑖vene𝑠𝑠 = The accumulation of managed PP waste
The accumulation of PP waste entering the BSI 𝑥 100%
........................................................................(3.4)
Nabila Putriyandri Alifa, Arini Adelia, Aulia Annas Mufti
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4080
e. R P, after knowing the total plastic waste that has the potential to become a
resource (R), it can find out the total plastic waste that can be produced again in
another form, and has economic value. It can be seen in units of kg/day.
f. P-value
After knowing the total plastic waste that has been processed into new products
(P) in kg/day, the economic value can be calculated using the following formula:
P = mass x price of PET plastic waste
P = mass x price of HDPE plastic waste
P = mass x price of PP plastic waste
These data can be used to assess the circular economy potential of the two Parent
Waste Banks based on their income levels.
Results and Discussion
Waste Management Procedures at the Parent Waste Bank
Waste management can be done by recycling plastic waste through waste banks to
prevent and overcome environmental pollution or damage caused by waste (Muanifah &
Cahyani, 2021). Based on the results of the interviews, customers at BSI Wijaya Kusuma
and BSI Sidomakmur received education regarding waste management procedures. The
waste deposited in the bank has been sorted (Abidin, 2023). Then, the weighing officer
receives the waste and continues to the waste teller to be recorded in the savings book.
What is recorded in the waste savings book is the weight of the waste that will later be
sold by the manager to other industries, and the community will receive 100% of the sales
proceeds. However, some customers supply waste in an unsorted state; the waste bank
manager still accepts this condition, so the price is lower than the one that has been sorted.
In this study, the waste management procedure in the Metro City waste bank was
obtained, as shown in Figure 2:
Figure 2. Waste management procedure in Metro City waste bank
Material Flow of Plastic Waste in Waste Bank
Customer data and waste management procedures were used to create the MFA.
Material Flow Analysis (MFA). In this research, the MFA was created using the Short
for Substance Flow Analysis (STAN) application. Ideally, material flow has the same
Customer
Plastic
waste
collection
and
sorting
Plastic
waste
Shredde
d
Plastic
waste
Pressed
Plastic waste
recycling
industry
Material Flow Analysis of Plastic Waste for Circular Economy Potential: A Case Study of
Wijaya Kusuma and Sidomakmur Waste Banks in Metro City
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4081
material input value as its output value (Brunner & Rechberger, 2017). Based on these
data, the MFA results for BSI Wijaya Kusuma are diagrammed in Figure 3 and the MFA
results for BSI Sidomakmur are diagrammed in Figure 4.
Figure 3. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) at Wijaya Kusuma Main Waste Bank
Nabila Putriyandri Alifa, Arini Adelia, Aulia Annas Mufti
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4082
Figure 4. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) at Sidomakmur Main Waste Bank
Figure 3 shows that the types of plastic waste that enter BSI Wijaya Kusuma are
PET, HDPE, and PP. The sorting process produces 3.1 kg/day of residue and the
shredding process produces 14.1 kg/day of unsalable residue. As for BSI Sidomakmur,
the types of plastic received are PET, HDPE, and PP. Unlike BSI Wijaya Kusama, BSI
Material Flow Analysis of Plastic Waste for Circular Economy Potential: A Case Study of
Wijaya Kusuma and Sidomakmur Waste Banks in Metro City
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4083
Sidomakmur does not have a shredder, so the residue and waste that cannot be pressed
are 3kg/day and 3.3 kg/day, respectively.
Effectiveness of Plastic Waste Reduction
Waste reduction can be done by limiting waste production (reduce), reusing waste
(reuse) and recycling waste (recycle) (Widarti et al., 2017). Although various measures
to reduce waste (including plastic waste) have been practiced in waste banks in Metro
City, their effectiveness still needs to be assessed (Tristy & Aminah, 2020). The
effectiveness focuses on program outcomes, such as the waste bank development program
in Metro City. The initiative implemented can be considered effective if the output
achieved later matches the desired goal, namely the reduction of waste in the Metro City
Landfill, especially non-biodegradable waste.
Table 1. Percentage Effectiveness of Plastic Waste Reduction
No.
Name of Waste
Bank
Plastic
Waste
Input
(Kg/day)
Untreated
and Residual
Amount
(kg/day)
Effectiveness of
Incoming Plastic
Waste Reduction
(%)
Effectiveness
of Metro City
Plastic Waste
Reduction
(%)
1.
BSI Wijaya
Kusuma
147,7
17,2
88,4
0,52
2.
BSI
Sidomakmur
176,1
6,3
96,4
0,68
Total BSI in Metro
323,8
23,5
92,7
1,2
Based on the data in the table, the effectiveness of reducing incoming waste at
BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur is 88.4% and 96.4%, respectively. This is
because it has undergone cleaning and sorting at the BSU level. The Residue value comes
from the non-BSU flow. Based on this value, BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur
have effectively processed the plastic waste that enters the waste bank. However, when
viewed from the perspective of Metro City, these two waste bank centers can only handle
1.2% of the total plastic waste generated by its citizens. This is since only 2 sub-districts
out of Metro City's 5 sub-districts have waste bank centers and a limited number of
customers at both the BSI and BSU levels.
Circular Economy Potential of Waste Bank
Based on the MFA results, the potential for circular economy planning can be
identified. The potential value of the circular economy is assessed from the total waste
generated by waste bank customers (W) to the stage of selling plastic waste that has
become a new product (P).
Total Plastic Waste Generated by Customers (W)
Based on data from Table 1, the value of W entering BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI
Sidomakmur is 147.7 kg/day and 176.1 kg/day, respectively. The total input of plastic
waste generated at BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur varies. One cause is the
Nabila Putriyandri Alifa, Arini Adelia, Aulia Annas Mufti
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4084
difference in the number of customers of each Waste Bank, and the amount of waste
generated by each customer is different (Sholikah & Humurti, 2017).
Total Residual Waste Generated (S)
Waste generated in both BSIs (W) produces residue symbolized by "S. This waste
is plastic waste that is not. The residue that enters BSI Wijaya Kusuma comes from waste
sorting activities and is generated from the remaining plastic waste shredding will be
disposed of to landfill amounting to details in Figure 3 17.2 kg/day, while based on field
observations, residual waste at BSI Sidomakmur consists of a mixture of soil, water, and
garbage amounting to 3.3 Kg/day and used plastic cups as much as 3 Kg/day. In total, this
amounts to 6.3 Kg/day. The water and soil residue will be disposed of in a landfill, while
the used plastic cup residue, which usually has no selling value, is sold back to the grinder
in Purbolinggo.
Percentage Effectiveness of Plastic Waste that Potentially becomes a New Resource
(r) and (R)
Waste will have economic value if a circular economy is implemented. In the
circular production process, "waste" is not placed at the end of the product life cycle but
rather moved to the production regeneration process. Production regeneration can be
carried out after it is known which types of plastic waste can be recycled (r), and then the
plastic waste is produced back into new resources (R). Processing plastic waste into new
resources is one of the efforts to recycle plastic waste into goods worth producing and
trading again so that waste has economic value (Aisyah et al., 2014). After plastic waste
becomes a new resource (R) in the form of plastic pellets, the total mass that can be sold
to third parties (P) is calculated. Table 2 shows the percentage of new resource
effectiveness at BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur.
Table 2. Percentage Effectiveness of Plastic Waste Reduction
Plastic Waste
Category
Total Plastic
Waste Entering
BSI (Kg/day) (r)
Total Plastic
Waste Processed
(R)
(Kg/day)
Percentage of
New Resources
Effectiveness
(%)
BSI Wijaya Kusuma - Enumeration to R
PET
61,5
55,4
90
HDEP
26,6
24,2
91
PP
56,5
50,9
90
Total
144,6
130,4
90
BSI Sidomakmur - in Press (no R value)
PET
81,1
81,1
100
Total
81,1
81,1
100
Processing Plastic Waste into New Resources (R)
Processing plastic waste into new resources is one of the efforts to recycle plastic
waste into goods worth producing and trading again so that waste has economic value
(Aisyah et al., 2014). After plastic waste becomes a new resource (R) in the form of plastic
Material Flow Analysis of Plastic Waste for Circular Economy Potential: A Case Study of
Wijaya Kusuma and Sidomakmur Waste Banks in Metro City
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4085
pellets, the total mass that can be sold to third parties (P) is calculated. The plastic waste
processing method and the mass of plastic waste differ between the two BSIs. BSI
Wijaya Kusuma uses the method of shredding or grinding plastic waste. On the other
hand, BSI Sidomakmur uses the plastic waste press method.
The technology used at BSI Wijaya Kusuma is a plastic waste-chopping machine.
The machine works to crush, chop, and grind plastic waste into small sizes or what is
known as plastic seeds (Darni et al., 2023). This processing is evidence that BSI Wijaya
Kusuma has implemented the circular economy's potential by converting plastic waste
into new resources.
At BSI Sidomakmur, the plastic undergoes pressing; the pressing process is
separating the types of plastic waste, weighing it, cleaning it from brand labels and bottle
caps, and then pressing it (Jannah, 2019). Plastic waste processed through a press machine
cannot yet have the potential for a circular economy because the results of the pressing
do not turn into new resources but only maximize the operational aspects of the waste
bank. Therefore, the cycle only stops at point r, while the process of plastic becoming a
new resource (R) is done by a 3rd party.
Analysis of Circular Economy Potential in Metro City Waste Bank
Figures 5 and 6, respectively, show the scope of the circular economy potential carried
out by BSI Wijaya Kusuma and BSI Sidomakmur.
Figure 5. Circular Economy Potential of Plastic Waste at BSI Wijaya Kusuma
The figure above shows the circular economy opportunities in BSI Wijaya,
starting from customers’ plastic waste deposits to BSI Wijaya Kusuma (C towards W).
The waste bank manager again sorts the types of plastic waste that have potential
economic value. If it has no economic value, it will be forwarded to the Metro City
Landfill (W to S); otherwise, if it has the potential to have economic value, further sorting
will be carried out (W to r) with recycling industry standards. The shredding method
transforms plastic waste into seeds (r to R). Finally, plastic waste that has been managed
into a new resource is sold to the recycling industry (R to P), and the final result (P) is
obtained with a total of Rp.785,582.60.
Nabila Putriyandri Alifa, Arini Adelia, Aulia Annas Mufti
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4086
Figure 6. Circular Economic Potential of Plastic Waste at BSI Wijaya Kusuma
The economic model at BSI Sidomakmur no longer uses the linear approach but
still does not fulfill the circular approach because it only reaches (r). First, customers
deposit waste at BSI Wijaya Kusuma (C to W). There are 3 (three) types of plastic waste
deposited at BSI Sidomakmur with a large volume and potential to become a new
resource (W towards r). After re-sorting, all three produce waste with no economic value
or residue that is directly taken to the Metro City Landfill (W towards S). However, so
far, BSI Sidomakmur has not managed to manage waste independently and turn plastic
waste into new resources (R). This is due to the limited technology at BSI. The assessment
results shown in Figure 6 indicate that BSI Sidomakmur is integrated into the wider waste
management system, and the development of a circular economy requires the assistance
of third parties.
Conclusion
Based on the results of this study, both BSIs have carried out waste management
procedures for handling and processing waste. The MFA of both BSIs was analyzed by
the customers who collected and sorted the waste and then deposited it into the BSI. Then,
each BSI re-sorts and processes by shredding waste and compacting plastic waste until
finally selling it to a third party. The MFA results become the reference for calculating
the effectiveness of BSI in reducing plastic waste. At the waste bank level, the reduction
of plastic waste has been effective, where BSI Wijaya Kusuma has an effectiveness of
88.4%, and BSI Sidomakmur reaches 96.4%. However, in terms of circular economy
potential, only BSI has successfully implemented circular economy. Their plastic waste
has been converted into new resources, such as plastic seeds, and sold to the industry.
This means that BSI Wijaya Kusuma already fulfills the scope of circular economy
potential from (C) to (P). On the other hand, BSI Sidokmakmur has not been able to
implement a circular economy because the BSI's ability is only to the point (r). Plastic
waste needs to be passed on to the next party in order to become a new resource (R). This
causes BSI Sidomakmur to only fulfill the scope of circular economy potential from (C)
to (r). Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that the Sidomakmur Waste
Material Flow Analysis of Plastic Waste for Circular Economy Potential: A Case Study of
Wijaya Kusuma and Sidomakmur Waste Banks in Metro City
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4087
Bank invest in more advanced plastic processing technology, such as plastic shredders,
to increase the economic value of managed plastic waste. Additionally, expanding the
number of customers and waste bank units across Metro City is essential to enhance waste
reduction's overall impact and alleviate the landfill's burden.
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