p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No. 9 September 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3652

Collaborative Governance in the Elderly Population

Empowerment Program in Penggilingan Village, East Jakarta

Administrative City

Deddy Rachman

Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

Email:

[email protected]

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Keywords: collaborative

governance;

elderly empowerment;

Jakarta.

Indonesia is undergoing a demographic shift towards an

aging population, with an increasing number of elderly

citizens. This research aims to analyze the implementation

of collaborative governance in the empowerment of elderly

residents in Penggilingan, East Jakarta. The study employs a

qualitative descriptive approach with case study methods,

focusing on the involvement of various stakeholders such as

local governments, NGOs, and community groups. Data

were collected through interviews, observations, and

document analysis. The results indicate that collaborative

governance has been implemented through regular forums,

promoting communication and coordination among

stakeholders. However, challenges such as limited resources

and insufficient trained personnel hinder optimal program

outcomes. The findings highlight key factors influencing the

success of collaborative governance, including leadership,

mutual trust, shared vision, and community participation.

Strengthening stakeholder capacity and increasing resource

allocation are recommended for improving the program's

effectiveness. Further research is suggested to explore

innovative models of collaborative governance for elderly

empowerment in Indonesia.

Introduction

Indonesia has undergone a demographic transformation towards an aging

population in the past decade. On the one hand, Indonesia is also the fifth largest country

in the world with 25.9 million elderly people in 2019 (Fitriana, 2022). Data from the

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia explains that the elderly population in

Indonesia is characterized by the dominance of the increase in the number of elderly

population since 2010, from 18 million people (7.56%) in 2010 to 25.9 million people

(9.7%) in 2019, and is expected to continue to increase to reach 48.2 million people

(15.77%) in 2035 (Fitriyah, 2023).

Based on gender, the life expectancy of the elderly has also increased since 2018,

from 69.30 years for men and 73.9 years for women to 69.59 years for men and 73.46

Collaborative Governance in the Elderly Population Empowerment Program in Penggilingan

Village, East Jakarta Administrative City

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years for women in 2020 (Fanani & Ibrahim, 2018). In comparison, life expectancy in

Indonesia in 1970 was only 45 years (average for men and women). The increasing life

expectancy of the elderly is also influenced by the ease of access to health services,

technology, medicines, medical professionals, and other public services (Bkkbn, 2022).

The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) has announced that Indonesia has entered an

aging population structure (BPS, 2023). This can be seen from the percentage of the

population aged 60 years and over (elderly) which has exceeded 10% since 2021

(Apriliandra & Krisnani, 2021). This increase in the number of elderly people can have a

variety of complex consequences if not carefully addressed. With the increase in the

number of elderly people, the population dependency rate will also increase (Evitasari &

Kisworo, 2020). In 2022, the results of the March 2022 National Socio-Economic Survey

(Susenas) showed a dependency ratio value of 16.09% for the elderly population,

meaning that every elderly population is supported by around 6 people of productive age

(aged 15-59 years) (Databoks, 2023). The female elderly population is more than the male

elderly population, which is 56.05 percent of the female elderly population compared to

48.19 male elderly residents (Central Statistics Agency, 2022).

Figure 1 Percentage of Elderly Population and Life Expectancy in Indonesia

Based on the BPS National Census Survey (Susenas) in March 2022, the percentage

of the elderly population reached 10.48% that year. This means that about 1 in 10 of

Indonesia's population is elderly (Bryson & Roering, 2018). The elderly dependency ratio

in March 2022 reached 16.09%. This means that every elderly person is supported by

around 6 people of productive age (aged 15-59 years). The portion of the elderly in urban

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areas reached 56.05% in March 2022, this figure is larger than in rural areas which only

reached 43.95% (BPS, 2022). In terms of age group, as many as 65.56% of the elderly

are included in the young elderly group (aged 60-69 years), then 26.76% are intermediate

elderly (aged 70-79 years), and 7.69% are elderly (aged 80 years and above) (Mardiana

et al., 2022).

Population aging, or the phenomenon of an aging population, that occurs in a

country like Indonesia is a very important demographic event and cannot be ignored

(Ministry of Health, 2020). The government has taken concrete steps to deal with this

demographic phenomenon through Government Regulation Number 43 of 2004

concerning Efforts to Improve Social Welfare for the Elderly Population. The regulation

covers a wide range of social services, including religious and health services, job

opportunities, education and training, and easier access to public facilities. All of these

are concrete steps taken by the government to socially empower the elderly community

in Indonesia (DWINARKO & MUHAMAD, 2023).

Eight provinces in Indonesia are included in the category of an aging population, as

well as one province that is almost included in this category. The province with the

highest percentage of the elderly population is located in the Special Region of

Yogyakarta, reaching 16.69% of the total population of Yogyakarta. Meanwhile, the

province with the lowest percentage of elderly population is Papua Province, with only

5.02% of the total population (Dewi, 2019). DKI Jakarta Province is close to the threshold

of 10% with a percentage of 9.90% of the elderly population (BPS, 2022).

DKI Jakarta Province has almost reached the status of an aging population with a

percentage of 9.90% of the elderly population of its total population, while this province

also has the highest population density in Indonesia (Vermeire et al., 2022). Special

attention to the elderly population is important because if not handled properly, the

increase in the elderly population can cause significant health, social, and economic

problems. Elderly residents, often referred to as the "golden age," require special care

including aspects of health and social conditions, so that they can feel and enjoy their old

age with a good quality of life. Attention to the elderly population is one of the efforts to

maximize Indonesia's demographic bonus (Sutikno, 2020).

Based on the research questions, the objectives of this research are as follows:

1. Analyze the implementation of Collaborative Governance in elderly population

empowerment activities.

2. Analyze factors that can affect the Collaborative Governance process in elderly

population empowerment activities.

Research Methods

This research is a qualitative descriptive research. According to Faisal (2003),

descriptive research aims to explore and explain certain social phenomena or realities by

describing various variables related to problems and research units. In this context, this

study aims to describe and explain the situation, identify data, and describe the symptoms

Collaborative Governance in the Elderly Population Empowerment Program in Penggilingan

Village, East Jakarta Administrative City

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related to the implementation of Collaborative Governance in the empowerment activities

of the elderly population.

The selection of qualitative descriptive research in this context is based on its ability

to provide in-depth insights, and contextual understanding, and answer research questions

related to the collaborative process of governance in health and social services for the

elderly population in Penggilingan Village, East Jakarta.

Type of Research

This study adopts a qualitative approach with a focus on a single case study, which

aims to deepen the understanding of dynamics in a single context. The reason for using a

single case study is that it becomes very important to test the theory that the researcher

has developed. This theory has detailed a series of propositions and identified the

conditions under which the proposition is considered to be true. Yin (2014) describes that

case studies are a social science approach that investigates contemporary events (cases)

in real-world contexts, especially when there are boundaries between phenomena and

contexts that may not be visible.

Data Collection Methods

In this study, data collection was carried out through four data collection strategies

described by (Creswell, 2012) in a qualitative method. First, qualitative observation in

which the researcher directly observes the behavior and activities of individuals at the

research site. Second, qualitative interviews can be conducted face-to-face, by phone, or

with in-depth interviews. Third, data collection from documents, both public documents

and private documents such as reports, regulations, and planning documents. Finally, data

collection from audio-visual materials such as photos, videos, or sound recordings.

The data used in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary

data was obtained through in-depth interviews with stakeholders related to the research,

such as elements of the government, NGOs, and communities involved in elderly

population empowerment activities. The selection of informants was carried out

purposively based on relevance to the research theme. In addition to in-depth interviews,

data collection also involves observation with informants who are part of the stakeholders

involved. This study also uses archival document tracing as one of the data collection

methods (Baumer & Van Horn, 2013).

Data Analysis Techniques

The data analysis process is carried out in three stages which include open coding,

axial coding, and selective coding. Open coding and axial coding are used to identify

stages in the process of collaboration between stakeholders and the factors that influence

the process. Selective coding is then used to analyze the stage of collaboration and the

factors that influence it.

Data Validity Techniques

Several researchers argue that qualitative research can be biased and tend to be

subjective, so it is important to maintain a level of confidence or validity of qualitative

research to improve its quality and objectivity. There are four main criteria used to

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maintain the validity of qualitative research, namely credibility, transferability,

dependability, and confirmability (Creswell, 2012).

Research Process

1. Prepare and organize data for analysis.

The data that needs to be prepared includes transcripts of interview results that have

been collected, field notes, and observation results.

2. Observe the data that has been collected, reflect on the significance of the information

that has been obtained, and record general thoughts about the information. Then,

undergo an in-depth analysis through the coding process. Coding is the stage in

organizing material into pieces or segments before becoming meaning in information.

3. Design detailed descriptions of individuals, locations, and events for analysis using a

coding process. Coding will result in a theme or category that emerges as the main

finding in qualitative research.

4. Describe descriptions and themes in the form of qualitative narratives.

Interpret and analyze the meaning of the data. Interpretation is the understanding

provided by the researcher, while the meaning of the data is the comparison between the

findings and the information obtained from theory or literature.

Research Location

This research was conducted in Penggilingan Village, East Jakarta Administrative

City. The selection of this location was carried out with the consideration that

Penggilingan Village is an area that faces certain significant health and social challenges

for the elderly population. The location of this research was chosen because it wanted to

explore the concept of collaborative governance in different contexts. East Jakarta is a

large area with diverse social and demographic characteristics, so this study can provide

a broader insight into how collaborative governance can be applied in the context of

elderly empowerment.

Results and Discussion

Implementation of Collaborative Governance in Empowering the Elderly

Population. Based on the results of the research, the implementation of collaborative

governance in empowering the elderly population in Penggilingan Village, East Jakarta

shows that there are collaborative efforts between various stakeholders. Local

governments, NGOs, and local communities are involved in the planning and

implementation of elderly empowerment programs.

One form of collaboration that can be seen is the existence of a joint forum

involving representatives from the village government, health cadres, and community

leaders. As revealed by Mrs. Aminah, a health cadre:

"We routinely hold monthly meetings to discuss elderly programs. There were

representatives from the village, we cadres, as well as community leaders. We share

information and plan activities."

This forum is a forum for sharing information, planning programs, and evaluating

the implementation of elderly empowerment activities. This is in line with the concept of

Collaborative Governance in the Elderly Population Empowerment Program in Penggilingan

Village, East Jakarta Administrative City

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collaborative governance which emphasizes the importance of communication and

coordination between stakeholders (Ansell & Gash, 2008).

However, there are still challenges in the implementation of this collaborative

governance. One of them is the limitation of resources, especially budget and trained

personnel. As conveyed by Mr. Abdi, Village Staff:

"We want to hold more programs for the elderly, but we are constrained by budget.

It also needs more skilled personnel to accompany the elderly."

Factors Influencing the Collaborative Governance Process

Some of the key factors that affect the collaborative governance process in

empowering the elderly in Penggilingan Village include:

1. Facilitative leadership: The active role of village heads and community leaders in

facilitating collaboration between stakeholders.

2. Mutual trust: There is mutual trust between the government, NGOs, and the

community that is built through regular interaction.

3. Shared vision: Stakeholders share a common vision to improve the well-being of the

elderly.

4. Limited resources: Budget constraints and trained human resources are factors that

hinder program optimization.

5. Community participation: The level of community participation, especially of elderly

families, affects the success of the program.

These findings are in line with the integrative collaborative governance framework

put forward by (Emerson et al., 2012), which emphasizes the importance of factors such

as leadership, shared motivation, and the capacity to act together in the collaborative

process.

Penggilingan Village plays a central role in the implementation of collaborative

governance for the empowerment of the elderly population. As the smallest government

unit, the village functions as the main facilitator and coordinator in connecting various

stakeholders.

a. Initiators and Facilitators of Collaborative Forums

The village took the initiative to form a collaborative forum involving various

parties. As expressed by Mr. C, Penggilingan Village Head:

"We initiated the formation of the Elderly Care Forum involving representatives from

villages, health centers, health cadres, NGOs, and community leaders. This forum is our

forum to discuss and plan programs together." This forum is an important means to build

understanding and coordinate efforts to empower the elderly from various parties.

b. Data and Information Provider

Villages play an important role in providing the latest data and information on the

condition of the elderly population in their area. This data is the basis for more targeted

program planning.

Collaborations involving community leaders and health cadres have increased

public awareness of the importance of empowering the elderly. Mrs. Tri Wahyuningsih,

a PKK cadre, said:

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"Now more families are actively bringing their parents to the elderly posyandu.

They are also more concerned about the health and social activities of the elderly."

c. Program Innovation

Through the exchange of ideas in collaborative forums, program innovations such

as "Elderly Go Digital" have emerged that introduce simple technology to the elderly to

help them with their daily activities.

However, there are still challenges in the implementation of this collaborative

governance, especially related to the consistency of stakeholder participation and limited

resources. Continuous efforts are needed to strengthen collaboration mechanisms and

increase the capacity of all parties involved.

This discussion shows that the active role of the village as a facilitator and

coordinator is very important in the success of collaborative governance. The positive

results that have been achieved demonstrate the potential for a collaborative approach to

improving the effectiveness of elderly empowerment programs at the community level.

Well, I will compile field findings based on the collaborative governance

framework developed by (Ansell & Gash, 2008). The framework includes several key

components: initial conditions, institutional design, facilitative leadership, collaborative

processes, and outcomes. The following are the field findings compiled based on the

framework:

Initial Conditions

a. Resource Imbalance:

There is an imbalance of resources between stakeholders. Penggilingan Village has

formal authority and access to the government budget, but it is limited. Local NGOs have

expertise in community empowerment but lack financial resources.

"We have experience and trained volunteers, but the funding of the program is still

very dependent on the government or donors," said Mr. Didi, a representative of a local

NGO.

b. Incentives to Participate:

All parties have a strong incentive to collaborate, especially due to awareness of the

increasing number of elderly people and the complexity of the problems faced.

c. History of Cooperation or Conflict:

There is a history of informal cooperation between the village and health cadres in

the elderly posyandu program, which is a positive social capital for further collaboration.

Institutional Design

a) Participation Inclusivity:

The Elderly Care Forum was formed quite inclusive, involving representatives from

villages, health centers, health cadres, NGOs, and community leaders. However, the

direct involvement of elderly representatives is still limited.

b) Clear Basic Rules:

There are ground rules agreed upon in the forum, including a schedule of regular

meetings and consensus decision-making mechanisms.

c) Process Transparency:

Collaborative Governance in the Elderly Population Empowerment Program in Penggilingan

Village, East Jakarta Administrative City

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The decision-making process and resource allocation are quite transparent, with

meeting minutes accessible to all forum members.

Facilitative Leadership

Penggilingan Village Head shows strong facilitative leadership in coordinating

various stakeholders.

"The Village Head always encourages us to convey ideas and be active in

discussions. She also often goes directly to the field to understand the situation," said Mrs.

H, coordinator of health cadres.

Collaborative Process

a) Face Tap Dialog:

The Elderly Care Forum holds regular monthly meetings, facilitating direct

dialogue between stakeholders.

b) Building Trust:

Trust between stakeholders is built through regular interaction and openness in

information sharing.

c) Commitment to Process:

There is a strong commitment from all parties to be involved in the collaboration

process, although sometimes constrained by their respective busyness.

d) Shared Understanding:

Through intensive discussions, a common understanding was built about the

problems and needs of the elderly in the region.

e) Results Between:

Several intermediate results have been achieved, such as mapping the needs of the

elderly and a joint action plan.

These field findings show that despite the challenges, the implementation of

collaborative governance in the empowerment of the elderly in Penggilingan Village has

shown positive developments by the Ansell and Gash framework. The ongoing

collaborative process has produced some concrete achievements, but it still requires

continuous efforts to optimize the results.

Conclusion

Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the implementation of

collaborative governance in empowering the elderly population in Penggilingan Village,

East Jakarta shows collaborative efforts involving various stakeholders. The joint forum

formed is an important forum for coordination and program planning. However, there are

still challenges, especially related to limited resources.

Factors that affect the collaborative governance process include facilitative

leadership, mutual trust between stakeholders, shared vision, limited resources, and the

level of community participation. These findings provide important insights into the

dynamics of collaborative governance in the context of empowering the elderly in urban

areas. To increase the effectiveness of collaborative governance in the empowerment of

the elderly, efforts are needed to strengthen stakeholder capacity, increase resource

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3660

allocation, and develop strategies to increase community participation. Further research

is needed to explore innovative models of collaborative governance that can be applied

in the context of elderly empowerment in Indonesia.

Collaborative Governance in the Elderly Population Empowerment Program in Penggilingan

Village, East Jakarta Administrative City

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3661

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