p–ISSN: 2723 – 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254
Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2025 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2025 113
Cirebon City Tourism Competitiveness for Tourism Economic
Development
Elisabeth Kirana
Institute Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
*Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Keywords: tourism;
economy; competitiveness;
tourism economy.
In the West Java Provincial Tourism Development Master Plan,
Cirebon City is included in the Provincial Tourism Strategic Area
(KSPP), with tourist attractions in the Cultural Heritage Area. The
development of the tourism sector can generate jobs, equal income
distribution, and community welfare. As a city that is one of the
tourism development areas of West Java, and one of the cities that
ranks 4th in the number of GDP according to Regencies/Cities in
West Java, the focus of this research is on the competitive
advantage of Cirebon City tourism in the province using the
Tourism Competitiveness Index. By using eight tourism
competitiveness indicators according to TTCI, including the
Human Tourism Indicator, Price Competitiveness Indicator,
Human Resources Indicator, Openness Indicator, Social
Development Indicator, Infrastructure Development Indicator,
Environment Indicator, and Technology Advancement Indicator.
Using secondary data with quantitative descriptive analysis and
comparative approaches, the competitive advantages of Cirebon
City tourism will be known.
Introduction
The economic condition of a region can be understood through the economic
activities that take place in the area. The economy of Cirebon city continues to increase
from year to year, where BPS stated that there was economic progress of 5.01% from
2022 to 2023 (Hermawan, 2016). Based on BPS Cirebon City, the sectors that have the
most influence on the development of the city's economy are large and retail trade
businesses, as well as vehicle repair with a contribution of 28.28%. Meanwhile, the most
expenditure is in the Household Consumption Expenditure Component (PK-RT) sector
at 56.53%. The economy of Cirebon city in 2023 will grow faster than West Java
province, but slower than the national economy (Amanda & Setiawan, 2024).
The strategic location of the city of Cirebon is supported by the Cisumdawu Toll
Road, Cipali Toll Road, and West Java International Airport (BIJB) Kertajati. The city
government, through the Culture and Tourism Office, has also sought promotion in
tourism midwives in the form of websites and tour packages (Sakinah & Dewanto, 2017).
Based on recorded data, visits in Cirebon City have reached 3.5 million tourists. The
development of Cirebon City tourism can be said to be quite dependent on the
development of the tourism economy (Wibowo et al., 2017).
Elisabeth Kirana
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2025 114
Indonesia's tourism competitiveness index is currently at level 22 in 2024 as said
by the Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy. The economic impact of tourism can
be directly seen through the increase in the number of jobs, income distribution, payments
and levels of tourism spending (Aqilah & Islam, 2024). The development of the tourism
economy has an interest in infrastructure innovation and increased competition of foreign
and local companies, providing impetus for industrial development, foreign exchange
earning, job creation, positive exploitation of national enterprises, and technology
exchange. Therefore, an analysis of tourism competitiveness is needed.
Method
The analysis method to be used is quantitative analysis, with a comparative
descriptive approach. Quantitative research is a methodology that focuses on collecting
and analyzing numerical data to understand, test hypotheses, and make generalizations.
Quantitative research can also be used on qualitative data, namely measuring events, or
frequency (Bacon-Shone, 2013). Descriptive research is research that presents a
description of a phenomenon, state or occurrence of an object using a certain method
(Roziq et al., 2021). Data analysis is the process of breaking down data into its constituent
components, to reveal the distinctive characteristics of elements and their structures and
the essence of qualitative analysis is the related process to explain phenomena, classify
them, and see how the concepts relate to each other. The quantitative description in this
paper is used to describe the results of the analysis of the tourism competitiveness of the
city of Cirebon, which will then be compared with the calculation of the tourism
competitiveness of West Java Province. Then look at the results of the comparison, which
indicators are superior and less than Cirebon City, which can be a benchmark for tourism
economic development in the future.
The data used is sequential data obtained through the Open Data of Cirebon City
and BPS Cirebon City, as well as the West Java Data Ecosystem and BPS of West Java
Province. Secondary data is also obtained through scraping lodging data in Cirebon City
and West Java.
Results and Discussion
The competitiveness analysis was carried out to find out how the condition of the
tourism competitiveness of Cirebon City when compared to West Java Province,
considering that the development of Cirebon City tourism is one of the plans of the
tourism economic development of West Java Province (Roziq et al., 2021). The data used
in this competitiveness analysis is data in 2020, because complete secondary data can be
obtained through BPS and the Cirebon City and West Java data portals. The
competitiveness analysis was carried out in accordance with the existing calculations
from previous research, and the following data were obtained (Soetjipto et al., 2021).
The Human Tourism Indicator has 2 components, namely the ratio of the number
of tourist activities to the number of population, and the ratio of the GDP of tourism-
related sectors to the total GDP (Jaelani, 2016). With the variables of total tourists,
Cirebon City Tourism Competitiveness for Tourism Economic Development
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2025 115
population figures, GDP related to the tourism sector, and total GDP. The GDP sectors
used are the transportation and warehousing sector, the provision of accommodation and
food and beverages, and other service sectors, as the GDP is included in the tourism
sector.
Table 3
Human Tourism Indicator
Indicators Variable West Java Cirebon City
Human Tourism
Indicator (HTI)
Total Tourists 22,327,316 352,426
Total population 48,274,160 333,300
GDP related to the
Tourism Sector
IDR
213,601,250 IDR 4,449,388
Total GDP
IDR
2,082,107,260
IDR
23,440,381
Source: Author's Analysis
The Human Resources Indicator has 4 components, namely the ratio of illiteracy-free
population and educated population, the percentage of female labor force with total labor force,
the percentage of urban open unemployment data with total labor force, and the percentage of
educated population. With 7 variables, namely the literate population, the number of educated
population, the percentage of female labor force, the total labor force, the percentage of open
unemployment data, the percentage of open unemployment data, the percentage of the total labor
force, and the percentage of the educated population.
Table 4
Human Resources Indicator
Indicators Variable West Java Cirebon City
Human Resources
Indicator (HRI)
Literacy Population 47,612,804.01 317,428.06
Number of educated
population
31,667,402.00
212,828.00
Percentage of female Labor
Force
0.34
0.35
Total work 63.53 63.79
Percentage of Open
Unemployment data 10.48 11.52
Percentage of total Labor
Force
63.53
63.79
Percentage of educated
population 65.60 63.85
Source: Author's Analysis
The Price Competitive Indicator uses the component of the number of tourists in an
area multiplied by the average hotel rate, multiplied by the average length of stay of
Elisabeth Kirana
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2025 116
tourists. With 3 variables, namely the number of tourists, the average length of stay, and
the average hotel rate.
Table 5
Price Competitive Indicator
Indicators Variable West Java Cirebon City
Price Competitive
Indicator (PCI)
Number of tourists 22,327,316 352,426
Average length of stay 1.56 1.68
Average hotel rates IDR 606,241 IDR 494,799
Source: Author's Analysis
The Openess Indicator has a component of the ratio of the number of foreign tourists
to the total PAD, using 2 variables, namely the number of foreign tourists and the total
PAD.
Table 6
Openess Indicator
Indicators Variable West Java Cirebon City
Openess Indicator (OI)
Number of Foreign
Tourists 1905213 161
Total PAD 36,343,408 358,472.85
Source: Author's Analysis
The Social Development Indicator has an average tourist stay with tourist stay data
variables.
Table 7
Social Development Indicator
Indicators Variable West Java Cirebon City
Social Development
Indicator (SDI)
Average length of stay of
tourists 1.56 1.68
Source: Author's Analysis
The Infrastructure Development Indicator has a per capita income component,
which is calculated using the variables of GDP and the number of population.
Table 8
Infrastructure Development Indicator
Indicators Variable West Java Cirebon City
Cirebon City Tourism Competitiveness for Tourism Economic Development
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2025 117
Infrastructure
Development
Indicator (IDI)
Total GDP
IDR
2,082,107,260
IDR
23,440,381
Population 48,274,160 333,300
Source: Author's Analysis
The Enviroment Indicator has a component of the ratio of population and area of the area.
So the variables used are the area of West Java Province and Cirebon City, and the number of
population.
Table 9
Environment Indicator
Indicators Variable West Java Cirebon City
Environment Indicator
(EI)
Area 37,087,920.00 39,480.00
Population 48,274,160 333,300
Source: Author's Analysis
The Technology Advancement Indicator has a component of the usage ratio of the number
of telephone lines and the number of residents. However, the data recorded in BPS is the
percentage of telephone line usage.
Table 10
Technology Advancement Indicator
Indicators Variable West Java Cirebon City
Technology
Advancement Indicator
(TAI)
Percentage of phone
line usage 2,34 2,42
Source: Author's Analysis
After calculating the five indicators of tourism competitiveness, a comparison of tourism
competitiveness in each indicator in Cirebon City and West Java was obtained as follows.
Table 11
Comparative Competitiveness Analysis
It Indicators Component West Java Cirebon City
1
Human Tourism Indicator
(HTI)
The ratio of the number
of tourist activities to
the number of people 0.46 1.06
Ratio between the GDP
of tourism-related
sectors and total GDP 0.10 0.19
2
Price Competitive
Indicator (PCI)
PPP= Number of
tourists in a region x
average hotel rates x
average length of stay
21,115,734,3
61,341.20
292,958,454,
388.32
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2025 118
3
Human Resources
Indicator (HRI)
Ratio of illiterate free
population and educated
population 1.50 1.49
Percentage of female
labor force with total
labor force 0.01 0.01
Percentage of city open
unemployment data
with total labor force 0.16 0.18
Percentage of educated
population 65.60 63.85
4 Openess Indicator (OI)
The ratio of the number
of foreign tourists to the
total PAD. 0.0524 0.0004
5
Social Development
Indicator (SDI)
Veteran data on average
traveller stay 1.56 1.68
6
Infrastructure
Development Indicator
(IDI)
Per Capita Income
(GDP/Total Population)
43.13 70.33
7
Environment Indicator
(EI)
Ratio of population to
area 0.77 0.12
8
Technology Advanced
Indicator (TAI)
Line telephone usage
data 2,34 2,42
Source: Author's Analysis
Through an analysis conducted on 8 indicators, it is known that Cirebon City is
superior to West Java Province in the Human Tourism Indicator (HTI), Social
Development Indicator (SDI), Infrastructure Development Indicator (SDI), and
Techology Advancement Indicator (TAI). The failure in the HTI indicator proves that
Cirebon City is superior in total tourists when compared to the number of population, and
the GDP in the tourism sector when compared to the total GDP. Meanwhile, the
superiority in the SDI indicator proves that the average length of stay of tourists is higher
than that of West Java. Then the superiority in the IDI indicator proves that Cirebon City
excels in regional per capita income. In the TAI idatator, Cirebon City excels in telephone
line usage data where in Cirebon City, the use of telephone lines is more than in West
Java Province.
The existence of 4 indicators of Cirebon City's superiority over West Java Province
proves the potential for tourism development that will increase the tourism economy. As
written by (Suprapti et al., 2019), the Cirebon City Culture and Tourism Office said that
the amenities in Cirebon City are quite supportive, and ready for tourism development.
The weaknesses of Cirebon City are in the Human Resources Indicator (HRI),
Openess Indicator (OI), and Environment Indicator (EI). The HRI of Cirebon city
Cirebon City Tourism Competitiveness for Tourism Economic Development
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2025 119
surpasses the Province of West Java except for 2 components, namely the percentage of
education, which also affects the component of the ratio of illiterate free population and
educated population. The weakness in OI is because the number of tourists in Cirebon
City cannot beat the number of tourists in West Java Province. In the PCI indicator,
Cirebon City is not superior due to significant differences in tourists. Cirebon City could
not beat West Java Province, where Cirebon City contributed 1.5% of all tourists in West
Java Province.
The weakness of Cirebon City in the HRI indicator is something that needs to be
considered, considering that the success of the tourism economy will be realized if there
are capable human resources. Meanwhile, at this time, the lack of education in the
community can be seen, one of which is in the case of beggars who still cannot be
eradicated in Cirebon City, as stated in Jayanti (2017).
Conclusion
Cirebon City plays a role as the center of the DPP in the Greater Cirebon Tourism
Destination, with the KSPP which includes the Historical Tourism Area and the Palace
in Cirebon and its surroundings. The KSPP development plan aims to enhance history-
based tourism and palaces, focusing on various major and additional attractions in the
region. The development of tourism areas will affect the economic growth of the city.
The economic impact of tourism development includes increased employment, income,
spending, and infrastructure innovation, as well as corporate competition. Therefore, the
analysis of tourism competitiveness is important to find out the advantages of urban
tourism, when compared to the province.
Through the analysis of the competition, it can be concluded that the
competitiveness of the city of Cirebon is superior to West Java Province in the indicators
of Human Tourism Indicator (HTI), Social Development Indicator (SDI), Infrastructure
Development Indicator (IDI) and Technology Advancement Indicator (TAI). This is
influenced by tourist visits and the high average length of stay of tourists which proves
the interest of tourists to visit Cirebon City is large. It was concluded that the tourism
competitiveness of Cirebon City is superior, and has great potential in tourism
development to improve the city's economy.
Elisabeth Kirana
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2025 120
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