p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No. 12 Desember 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6369

Identification of the Position of Subsurface Aquifers and the

Distribution of Groundwater Level Depth in Oksibil District,

Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Semuel Rorrong1*, Wika Matana Nion2, Erwin3, M. Suliswanto4,

Riswandy Loly Paseru5

Universitas Cenderawasih, Indonesia1,2,3,4,5

Email: [email protected]1*, [email protected]2,

[email protected]3, [email protected]4,

[email protected]5

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Keywords: Groundwater

Resisivity, Aquifer

Position, Depth

Distribution, Pegunungan

Bintang Regency

Groundwater is dynamic and influenced by natural factors,

such as geology and geomorphology, which affect aquifer

characteristics, groundwater movement, and surface

morphology. This study aims to identify subsurface aquifer

positions and the distribution of groundwater depth in

Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency. The

research utilizes the resistivity geoelectric method with a

Wenner configuration to determine lithology and aquifer

characteristics. Measurements were conducted using the

AIDU Golden Rod instrument, which analyzes natural

electric fields. Results indicate the presence of pressurized

aquifers at depths ranging from 125 to 300 meters with

varying thicknesses of 20 to 85 meters. In contrast, free

aquifers are primarily located at shallow depths (0–40

meters) in specific areas, such as Kabiding. The findings

provide valuable insights into groundwater resource

management and regional aquifer potential in Pegunungan

Bintang Regency

Introduction

The distribution of the pipeline network in the center of Oksibil City has been

served with 665 SR house connections (SR) in 2023. However, the fulfillment of the

needs of Oksibil City has not been achieved due to the limited availability of water

sources and difficult topographic areas. The alternative offered in this study is to increase

the availability of water sources, namely the Okapnum River with the target of

distributing the suburban pipeline network to the southern area of Oksibil City (Jalan

Iwur) through the dabolding area. In terms of clean water needs, 20% = 2.70 ltr/s of the

total clean water needs of Pegunungan Bintang Regency. The map of the clean water

service plan in Oksibil City.

Semuel Rorrong, Wika Matana Nion, Erwin, M. Suliswanto, Riswandy Loly Paseru

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6370

Groundwater potential identification is carried out using a tool in the form of,

AIDU Golden Red (AGR) which is a special instrument for geophysical studies that

provides a detailed vertical picture of rock and aquifer resistivity by measuring natural

electric fields. This instrument measures natural electric fields passively with frequency

domains (high to low frequencies in one measurement), high frequencies will produce

resiliency data at shallow depths and low frequencies will generate resistivity data at deep

enough to very deep depths.

The resistivity method is one of the geophysical methods used to determine the

aquifer layer by utilizing the electrical properties of rocks. Groundwater under the surface

interacts with the soil layer in the form of sand as a place for groundwater to be found

(aquifer) (Putri et al., 2022). To find out the type of soil layer that groundwater passes

through under the surface, measurements are carried out using the geoelectric method.

The resistivity geoelectric method in this study uses a wenner configuration where this

method is the main method used to find water content based on the parameters of different

resistivity distributions.

Several studies have investigated groundwater availability using geophysical

methods. For instance, Mandal et al. (2016) explored the role of land cover, geology, and

rainfall in groundwater potential. Selvam et al. (2016) highlighted the significance of

lithology and stratigraphy in groundwater movement. Similarly, Mekki and Laftouhi

(2016) discussed how rock permeability and porosity influence groundwater storage.

While these studies provide foundational insights, they focus on broader regional contexts

or different geophysical conditions.

This research distinguishes itself by focusing on the specific hydrogeological

conditions of Pegunungan Bintang Regency, particularly in Oksibil District. Unlike

previous studies, this work combines advanced geoelectric methods with regional

geological mapping to address the unique topographical and geological challenges of the

area. The novelty lies in its detailed mapping of aquifer distribution using the AIDU

Golden Rod instrument, which provides a more refined analysis of groundwater potential

in this underexplored region. This approach not only enhances the understanding of

groundwater resources but also contributes to sustainable water resource management in

Oksibil City and similar remote areas.

The purpose of this study is to identify the Position of Subsurface Aquifers and

the Distribution of Groundwater Level Depth in Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang

Regency.

Research Methods

The location of this study is in Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Geoelectric

measurement points are scattered in Oksibil District Geographically Oksibil District is

located at 140o 17' 43.48" east longitude and 4o 31' 18.01" south latitude. namely to the

north it borders Jayapura Regency and Keroom Regency, to the South it borders Boven

Digoel Regency, to the West it borders Yahuimo Regency and to the East it borders Papua

New Guinea Regency.

Identification of the Position of Subsurface Aquifers and the Distribution of Groundwater Level

Depth in Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6371

Survey of Identification of Subsurface Aquifer Position and Distribution of

Groundwater Level Depth in Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency for the

construction of groundwater and raw water, including mapping the potential of

groundwater in Pegunungan Bintang Regency and taking soil samples as well as testing

physical parameters and soil shear strength.

Groundwater potential mapping is carried out using an aid in the form of an AIDU

Golden Rod (AGR) which is a special instrument for geophysical studies that provides a

detailed picture of the vertical resistivity of rocks and aquifers by measuring natural

electric fields. This instrument measures natural electric fields passively with frequency

domains (high to low frequencies in one measurement), high frequencies will produce

reciprocity data at shallow depths and low frequencies will produce resistivity data at

deep enough depths. The reciprocity value is used to analyze the type of lithology below

the surface, which is then used as a basis for determining the existence of a spring source

(aquifer).

For soil sampling in the reservoir location plan using the Test pit method, soil

sampling is carried out by digging a hole with a size of 1x1x1 m3. At each point of the

test hole, a soil sample is taken using a tube (Undsitrubed sample) which is then taken to

the laboratory to be tested to obtain the amount of physical properties and shear strength

of the soil.

Results and Discussion

1. Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Based on the results of the Geoelectric Testing Research of Pegunungan Bintang

Regency, especially Oksibil, composed of types of marine clastic rocks, most of which

are fine-grained including dolomitan limestone, a little black rijang of pyrite nodules,

siltstone, limestone quartz sandstone, a little napal, and a little, causing this type of

material to have the ability to store and drain water high. has a shallow groundwater

surface depth, and has a thick soil thickness as a good infiltration medium. Partly tufaan

calcilunite, mostly composed of red clastic with red mudstone and some green ones,

felsparan interspersed sandstone, glaukonitan quartz sandstone, and a little volcanic

clastic sandstone and tufa at a depth of 1 – 5 km. Paleozoic rocks are inseparable, slab

rocks, sandshale, arcostal sandstone and napalan limestone, basalt and volcanic breccia

with some intendrobic limestone or basically and low-grade malahan in the northern part

of the path.

Semuel Rorrong, Wika Matana Nion, Erwin, M. Suliswanto, Riswandy Loly Paseru

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6372

Figure 1. Geological Map of Pegunungan Bintang Regency

2. Availability of Groundwater

The presence of groundwater in an aquifer is influenced by various factors. A

potential groundwater zone is a location where there is a potential source of groundwater

in it. The identification of groundwater potential zones depends on a variety of factors.

Some of the factors that are important in determining groundwater potential are land

cover, soil type, geology, drainage density, rainfall, and slope (Mandal, et al., 2016).

Geological formations play an important role in the formation of land. The type of rock

in an area has a significant effect on the availability of groundwater (Selvam, et al., 2016).

The ability of water to flow from the surface to the ground is influenced by the type of

rock in an area (Das & Pal, 2019; Hasilatagama et al., 2023; Mekki & Laftouhi, 2016).

The type of rock affects the water-holding capacity of an aquifer and the presence of

groundwater (Duan, et al., 2016). Each type of rock has different porosity and

permeability values Important aspects included in the groundwater study are geological

conditions (lithology, stratigraphy, and structure), Differences in lithology will affect the

availability of groundwater. Rock units or geology in general will show the characteristics

of groundwater.

The distribution of groundwater availability in Pegunungan Bintang Regency

based on Figure 2, is divided into various conditions such as in the northern part of

Pegunungan Bintang Regency is an area with moderate water availability and some

northern and western areas are areas with high water availability conditions while the

eastern and southern parts of Pegunungan Bintang Regency are areas with high water

availability conditions. With the distribution of the majority of rocks in the Bintang

Mountains Regency, especially Oksibil, composed of types of marine clastic rocks, most

of them are fine-grained including dolomitan limestone, a little black rijang of pyrite

nodules, siltstone, limestone quartz sandstone, a little napal, lonely The availability of

groundwater in this area is abundant throughout the year. Areas with high groundwater

potential are areas that are very prone to water.

Identification of the Position of Subsurface Aquifers and the Distribution of Groundwater Level

Depth in Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6373

Figure 2. Water Availability Map of Pegunungan Bintang Regency

3. Geoelectric Testing Sites

Based on the resistance data obtained from the results of geoelectric tests, it is

possible to predict the type of material below the ground surface. The stratigraphy of the

soil layer at the geoelectric point collection site can be seen in Table 1. Geoelectric data

collection was carried out in Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency. In this study,

Geoelectric testing was carried out at 10 test location points spread across the Oksibil

district, Pegunungan Bintang Regency.

Figure 3. Layout of Geoelectric Measurement Locations in Pegunungan

Bintang Regency

Semuel Rorrong, Wika Matana Nion, Erwin, M. Suliswanto, Riswandy Loly Paseru

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6374

Table 1. Geoelectric Testing Locations in Pengungga Bintang Regency

LOCATION

KOORDINAT

ELEVATION

Arinkop

4º 55' 54.978"

140º 38' 3.541"

4º 55' 54.978"

140º 38' 3.541"

1312 m

Oksibil Airport

4º 54' 26.356"

140º 37' 51.64"

4º 54' 26.363"

140º 38' 3.589"

1321 m

Dabolding Office

4º 54' 33.423"

140º 36' 53.58"

4º 54' 33.423"

140º 36' 53.58"

1364 m

Kabiding

4º 53' 57.252"

140º 37' 13.634"

4º 53' 57.252"

140º 37' 13.634"

1340 m

Oksibil Regent

Office

4º 53' 31.794"

140º 38' 29.756"

4º 53' 31.794"

140º 38' 29.756"

1446 m

Oksibil Health

Center

4º 54' 25.255"

140º 38' 1.966"

4º 54' 25.255"

140º 38' 1.966"

1322 m

Oksibil Hospital

4º 54' 7.041"

140º 35' 54.273"

4º 54' 7.041"

140º 35' 54.273"

1336 m

Behind the petrol

station

4º 54' 46.885"

140º 38' 13.027"

4º 54' 46.885"

140º 38' 13.027"

1296 m

Terminal Pasar Baru

4º 55' 11.434"

140º 38' 0.739"

4º 55' 11.434"

140º 38' 0.739"

1348 m

YAPIMAKOT

4º 53' 43.909"

140º 35' 38.832"

4º 53' 43.909"

140º 35' 38.832"

(Source: Calculation Results, 2024)

4. Interpretation of Geoelectric Test Results

The interpretation of this data analysis is carried out from several field analysis

data in a geoelectric cross-section. The results of this interpretation are presented in the

form of a cross-section of type resistance, and a geoelectric interpretation of type

resistance, as well as a map of the slip plane analysis of the subsurface lithological

arrangement at the measurement site. Data interpretation is carried out to determine the

lithology of rocks on the attached trajectory as follows:

a. Oksibil Airport

a. B1 Span Pieces

b. B2 Spanning Pieces

Identification of the Position of Subsurface Aquifers and the Distribution of Groundwater Level

Depth in Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6375

Figure 4. (a) Stretch Chunk B1 (b) Stretch Chunk B2 Oksibil Airport

The results of the Geoelectric test at Oksibil Airport, it was found that in the B1

Stretch the depth of the aquifer is 250 - 300 m deep, while in the B2 Stretch at a depth of

225 - 300 m below the surface with a resistivity value of 9 - 18 ohmm, the lithology that

constitutes this aquifer is sandstone. The existence of deep aquifers has quite a large

volume, with a thickness of 50 – 75 m below the surface.

Table 2 Interpretation of Stretch B1 Oksibil Airport

Table 3 Interpretation of Aobil Airport B2 Stretch

(Source: Calculation Results, 2024)

Kabiding

Semuel Rorrong, Wika Matana Nion, Erwin, M. Suliswanto, Riswandy Loly Paseru

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6376

Figure 5 (a) Stretch Slice B1 (b) Stretch Slice B2 Kabiding

(Source: Aidu Prospecting Software)

The acquisition of geoelectric testing at the Kabiding site yielded subsurface data

as shown in Figure 5. It shows that at the Kabiding location there is no deep aquifer on

the surface of either stretch 1 or stretch 2.

In stretch 1 there is no free aquifer, while in stretch 2 there is a free aquifer spread

along the stretch with a depth of 0 – 35 m below the surface. It has a resistivity value of

0 – 15 ohms. Aquifers are freely affected by surface water infiltration such as rainwater

and river water. Table 4. Interpretation of Kabiding's B1 Stretch

Identification of the Position of Subsurface Aquifers and the Distribution of Groundwater Level

Depth in Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6377

Table 5. Interpretation of Kabiding's B2 Stretch

(Source: Calculation Results, 2024).

Table 6. Recap of Aquifer Position in Pegunungan Bintang Regency

LOCATIO

KOORDINAT

FREE

AQUIFER

DEPRESSED

AQUIFER

Arinkop

4º 55'

54.98"

140º 38'

3.541"

4º 55'

54.98"

140º 38'

3.541"

131

2 m

230 -

300 m

230 -

300 m

Oksibil

Airport

4º 54'

26.36"

140º 37'

51.64"

4th 54'

26.4"

140º 38'

3.589"

132

1 m

250 -

300 m

225 -

300 m

Dabolding

Office

4º 54'

33.42"

140º 36'

53.58"

4º 54'

33.42"

140º 36'

53.58"

136

4 m

230 -

300 m

165 -

270 m

Kabiding

4º 53'

57.25"

140º 37'

13.63"

4º 53'

57.25"

140º 37'

13.63"

134

0 m

0 - 40

Oksibil

Regent

Office

4º 53'

31.79"

140º 38'

29.75"

4º 53'

31.79"

140º 38'

29.76"

144

6 m

220 -

300 m

220 -

300 m

Oksibil

Health

Center

4º 54'

25.25"

140º 38'

1.966"

4º 54'

25.26"

140º 38'

1.966"

132

2 m

125 -

165 m

210 -

300 m

Oksibil

Hospital

4º 54'

7.041"

140º 35'

54.27"

4º 54'

7.041"

140º 35'

54.27"

133

6 m

195 -

240 m

165-

195 m

240 -

300 m

240 -

300 m

Behind the

Gas Station

4º 54'

46.88"

140º 38'

13.02"

4º 54'

46.89"

140º 38'

13.03"

129

6 m

215 -

300 m

215 -

300 m

Terminal

Pasar Baru

4º 55'

11.43"

140º 38'

0.739"

4º 55'

11.43"

140º 38'

0.739"

134

8 m

220 -

300 m

215 -

300 m

YAPIMAK

4º 53'

43.91"

140º 35'

38.83"

4º 53'

43.91"

140º 35'

38.83"

137

7 m

220 -

300 m

220 -

300 m

Semuel Rorrong, Wika Matana Nion, Erwin, M. Suliswanto, Riswandy Loly Paseru

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6378

The results of the recap of geoelectric measurements, lithological analysis and

resistivity values, show that only the Kabiding research site has a free aquifer with a

thickness ranging from 0 to 40 m calculated from the ground surface. Meanwhile, in other

locations such as Arinkop, Oksibil Airport, Dabolding Office, Oksibil Regent Office,

Oksibil Health Center, Behind Gas Stations, Pasar Baru Terminal, and Yapimakot there

are no free aquifers. This shows that the availability of surface groundwater in

Pegunungan Bintang Regency is not high enough except in the Hospital area where there

is no surface aquifer.

As for the pressurized aquifer, it can be found at a depth varying between 125 – 270

m from the ground level with the thickness of the aquifer layer between 20 -85 m, with

the deepest aquifer location found at the location of Arinkop, Oksibil Airport, Oksibil

Regent Office, Oksibil Hospital, Behind the Gas Station, Pasar Baru Terminal and

Yapimakot with a depressed aquifer depth of 215 - 250 m, Meanwhile, in other research

locations, the depth of the depressed aquifer is in the range of 125 – 165 m from the

ground surface.

Aquifer Depth Distribution Map

The approximate position of the aquifer, its depth and distribution can be

identified based on the resistance data from the geoelectric test. The method is carried out

by combining several data from the results of geolysis testing so as to produce a cut of

the longitudinal direction of the underground section from the location being reviewed.

The longitudinal cut is made and adjusted to the direction of taking geoelectric data (B1

and B2) in accordance with the data from the geoelectric test in the previous discussion,

which can be seen in the layout and longitudinal cut of the geoelectric. The distribution

of groundwater level depth was carried out using groundwater depth data for each test

point (data analysis results) and using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method with

the help of the ArcGis assistance program.

Identification of the Position of Subsurface Aquifers and the Distribution of Groundwater Level

Depth in Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6379

Figure 6. Map of the Depth of Aquifer Observation Point of Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Figure 7. Map of the Distribution of Groundwater Depth in Pegunungan Bintang Regency

5. Geoelectric Longitudinal Layout and Pieces

The stratigraphic depiction of the subsurface soil layer in the longitudinal direction

aims to obtain an overview of the location, depth and distribution of the aquifer from each

review area (Kabaputen Capital District). From the results of the depiction, it can be seen

that the type of soil layer on the surface, the waterproof zone/layer which is the layer

before the aquifer, the depth of the aquifer, the slope and the location of the aquifer along

the longitudinal cut plane.

In general, for the eight districts that have been geoelectric surveys, the position of

the aquifer is at a depth of more than 150 m below the ground level, even for some districts

Semuel Rorrong, Wika Matana Nion, Erwin, M. Suliswanto, Riswandy Loly Paseru

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6380

the position of the aquifer can be identified at a depth of 200 m below the ground level,

such as Pegunungan Bintang Regency while for some districts such as Jayawijaya,

Tolikara and Central Mamberamo Regencies there is surface groundwater with a depth

of less than 50 m (detailed data can be seen in the data groundwater potential in each

district and drill point recommendations).

For the next time, the depth and position of the aquifer can be seen in figure 8 longitudinal

pieces of geoelectric test results in Pegunungan Bintang Regency.

Figure 8. Layout of Long Section Geoelectric in Pegunungan Bintang Regency

From the results of the depiction, it can be seen that the type of soil layer on the surface,

the waterproof zone/layer which is the layer before the aquifer, the depth of the aquifer,

the slope and the location of the aquifer along the longitudinal cut plane. In general, the

position of the aquifer in the Bintang Mountains district is at a depth of more than 200 m

below the ground level.

Identification of the Position of Subsurface Aquifers and the Distribution of Groundwater Level

Depth in Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6381

Figure 9. Longitudinal Cut of Geoelectric in Pegunungan Bintang Regency

Conclusion

This study conducted in Pegunungan Bintang Regency, specifically in Oksibil

District, reveals significant insights into groundwater potential. The research identified

that only the Kabiding location contains a free aquifer, with a thickness ranging from 0

to 40 meters below ground level. Other locations, such as Arinkop, Oksibil Airport,

Dabolding Office, and Oksibil Regent Office, lack free aquifers but possess pressurized

aquifers at depths varying between 125 and 300 meters. The thickness of these

pressurized aquifers ranges from 20 to 85 meters.

The research highlights the challenging conditions for surface water availability in

most parts of Pegunungan Bintang Regency. However, the findings offer valuable

contributions to groundwater resource management by providing detailed mapping of

aquifer locations and depths. The utilization of advanced geophysical methods, such as

the AIDU Golden Rod instrument, underscores the potential for precise subsurface

exploration. This study establishes a foundation for future research and practical

applications aimed at optimizing groundwater use and addressing water scarcity

challenges in remote and topographically complex regions.

Semuel Rorrong, Wika Matana Nion, Erwin, M. Suliswanto, Riswandy Loly Paseru

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2024 6382

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