p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254
Vol. 5, No. 8 August 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3027
Representation of Journalists' Professionalism in the Film A
Taxi Driver
Maulidia Azwini Anzar
1*
, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani
2
, Kheyene Molekandella
Boer
3
Universitas Mulawarman Samarinda, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
1*
, [email protected]
2
,
[email protected]
3
*Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Keywords: semiotics,
roland barthes, film, a taxi
driver.
Film is a mass communication medium that combines audio,
visuals, and narration to convey stories, and information, and
serves as a medium of entertainment and education for the
audience. One such film that provides both entertainment
and historical education is A Taxi Driver, which falls under
the genres of drama, history, and politics. This film is based
on the true story of a taxi driver who inadvertently became
involved in the Gwangju uprising of 1980 after helping a
German journalist cover the events in Gwangju. The purpose
of this research is to understand the representation of
journalistic professionalism in the film A Taxi Driver
according to the Code of Ethics of the International
Federation of Journalists (IFJ) using a descriptive qualitative
research method with Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis. The
results of this study identify several scenes in the film A Taxi
Driver that illustrate the articles of the International
Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Code of Ethics through
various actions of Peter, who plays the journalist. Among
them: Article 1 "Respect for Truth" is reflected when Peter
visits Gwangju to validate information from Reporter Lee.
Article 2 "Freedom of the Press" is evident when Peter
attempts to record events at the shooting site. Article 3 "Fair
Methods to Obtain Information" is shown by his bravery in
recording amid the riots. Article 8 "Transparency" is seen in
Peter's promise to publish news about the chaos in Gwangju
once he returns to Japan. Article 12 "Solidarity" highlights
by his efforts to save Kim's life, compensate for the damage
to Kim's taxi, and his desire to reunite with Kim to repay his
kindness. Article 15 "Humanity" is demonstrated through
Peter's actions of recording the bodies of Gu Jae-sik and the
victims of military violence, as well as helping to evacuate
the shooting victims.
Maulidia Azwini Anzar, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani, Kheyene Molekandella Boer
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3028
Introduction
One of the mass communication media that is often used to pour human creative
ideas into a work of art is film. Film is a mass communication medium that contains
information based on social reality and is used as a medium of entertainment as well as
education for the audience. Based on Law No. 33 of 2009 Chapter 1 Article 1 concerning
National Cinema describes film as a mass communication medium in the form of works
of art and culture made based on cinematographic values with or without sound that can
be performed.
Film is a type of mass media that can reflect reality. The film is packed with themes
or phenomena that occur in society. In addition, films have the persuasive power to shape
people's mindsets through messages that are conveyed uniquely and interestingly so that
they can influence their audience. Imitation or imitation is the biggest influence caused
by films due to the view that what is seen in movies is worthy and reasonable for everyone
to imitate (Richard Jefferson et al.2021). Often we are surprised by various news reports
about cases of sexual harassment committed by several teenagers due to pornography
addiction. For example, one of the cases that occurred on January 24, 2024, was the
molestation of an underage girl committed by a student with the initials DAH (19 years
old) in Lampung due to addiction to pornographic films. According to Kupastuntas. co,
the perpetrator's motive was motivated by frequent viewing of pornographic films and
was supported by the situation so that the perpetrator could carry out his actions (Handika,
2024).
In the beginning, movies could only be enjoyed through television screens by
relying on VCDs and DVDs. However, along with the development of technology,
movies can now be enjoyed through their respective devices by accessing various movie
streaming platforms such as VIU, NETFLIX, Disney+ Hotstar, WeTV, HBO Go, Apple
TV, Prime Video and so on (Assa Jauza, 2022). Whether you realize it or not, nowadays
movies can be said to have become a part of human life. Movies are often used as an
alternative to finding tranquillity in the busyness of reality, namely as an entertainment
and educational medium. In line with the increasing sophistication of technology, there
are many different types/genres of films such as drama, horror, documentary, romance,
action, animation, comedy and thriller. The film is starting to gain public attention
because it is considered a medium whose presence is considered important and equal to
other media. No wonder that nowadays many directors are flocking to produce films with
the best quality and interesting storylines.
In addition to reflecting reality, the film can also be used as a propaganda tool.
According to Graeme Turner, the film is not only a reflection of reality, but film is a
representation of reality. Film can shape and re-present reality based on cultural codes,
conventions, and ideologies (Firda, 2020). Representation is the process of interpreting a
sign, for example in a film, where representation can change the concept of ideology that
was initially abstract into forms that are arranged in a sequence and concrete. Therefore,
there are many phenomena of representation in films and it is undeniable that in a film
there are various signs and codes represented.
Representation of Journalists' Professionalism in the Film A Taxi Driver
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3029
In general, films are built with many signs, making them a relevant study for
semiotic analysis. Semiotics is the study of science or analytical methods that study Signs,
Things, and Humanity (Firda, 2020). In general, this study wants to examine the hidden
meanings in media texts. In this case, media text is not only a dialogue between players
but includes scenes, settings, gestures, angles/shots, expressions, and more. The
researcher chose the semiotic analysis of the Roland Barthes model because by using
Roland Barthes' theory, the researcher can interpret in terms of meaning, namely with the
meaning of denotation, connotation and myth.
One of the films that researchers considered in this semiotics study is a South
Korean film titled "A Taxi Driver" by director Jang Hoon in the Action, Historical and
Political genres which were released in 2017 with the main actors Song Kang Ho, Thomas
Kretschman, Yoo Hae Jin and Ryu Jun Yeol. A Taxi Driver tells the story of the struggle
of a Seoul taxi driver named Kim Man Seob (Song Kang Ho) who carries a passenger of
a foreign journalist from Germany named Peter (Thomas Kretschman) to Gwangju. The
journalist came to South Korea to cover a heartbreaking event in Korea's history.
The researcher decided to study Film A Taxi Driver because the film, which was
released in 2017, not only contains historical and political educational values but also
moral values packaged in 2 hours and 17 minutes. A Taxi Driver is a film based on the
true story of the life of a taxi driver named Kim Sa Bok who drove his passenger named
Jurgen Hinzpeter who worked as a journalist from Germany to Gwangju in May 1980. A
Taxi Driver is a South Korean film that is considered to have succeeded in raising the
story of South Korea's dark history by presenting a complex and slick storyline. It is
reported that former South Korean President Moon Jae-In, who led South Korea in the
2017-2022 period, could not hold back his tears while watching this film.
The film A Taxi Driver is interestingly packaged with a storyline that tells the story
of various conflicts that occurred during the uprising in Gwangju. Not only showing the
conflict of rebellion, A Taxi Driver also presents journalistic practices that describe the
professionalism of a journalist. One of the things that attracted the attention of researchers
was the figure of foreign journalists who helped the people of Gwangju in exposing
government crimes. Although the director and researcher in the film A Taxi Driver
conveys the dark history of the Gwangju rebellion through the perspective of a taxi driver,
the role of foreign journalists contributes greatly to revealing the truth. The statement
about the importance of the role of journalists in the movie A Taxi Driver is depicted in
one of the scenes where Peter as a foreign journalist says "After this tape (about the
oppression and violence against protesters) is shown, the whole world will see it". In the
scene, Peter promises that after returning to Japan, he will publish the footage as a news
story for the whole world to know (Shim 2021). In the Gwangju uprising, journalists were
represented as figures who were able to help the people of Gwangju, the restrictions on
the press due to the dictatorial government led by Chuu Doo Hwan resulted in people
being very dependent on information or news brought by journalists.
Table 1 Previous Research
Maulidia Azwini Anzar, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani, Kheyene Molekandella Boer
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3030
No.
Name and Title of
the Study
Research Results
Differences and
Similarities
1.
Richard Jefferson,
Hermawan
Pancasiwa &
Abraham Wahyu
Nugroho (2021)
Representation of
Journalists'
Professionalism in
the Film Kill The
Messenger
(Semiotic Analysis
of John Fiske)
The results of this study
found 16 scenes in the film
Kill The Messenger that
depicted the
professionalism of
journalists, seen based on
aspects of behaviour, way
of speaking, and facial
expressions that reflected
the reality of journalists'
professionalism. (Richard
Jefferson 2021).
This research explores
the topic of journalists'
professionalism. The
difference in previous
research was that it
applied John Fiske's
semiotic model, while
this study adopted the
Roland Barthes model.
Another difference lies
in the object of the study,
which uses the movie
Kill The Messenger
while this study uses the
movie A Taxi Driver.
2.
Vannesa Salim &
Gregorius Genep
Sukendro (2021)
Representation of
Social Criticism in
Parasite Films
(Roland Barthes'
Semiotic Analysis)
The results of this study
found 22 scenes in the
movie "Parasite" that
depict social criticism of
issues such as poverty,
unemployment, and social
stratification in South
Korea. Some scenes depict
actual phenomena in South
Korea, such as the lack of
jobs that lead to poverty
and the large number of
people without proper
housing.
This study and previous
studies both used the
semiotic analysis of the
Roland Barthes model.
However, the difference
lies in the focus of the
research: the previous
study examined social
criticism, while this
study examined the
professionalism of
journalists. The object of
the research is also
different, with the
previous study analyzing
the film "Parasite" and
this study using the film
A Taxi Driver.
Based on the formulation of the problem above, the goal to be achieved in the study
is to find out the professional representation of journalists in the film A Taxi Driver.
The benefits of this research are:
1. Theoretically, this research is expected to provide intellectual contributions and add
references to the development of science in general, especially in the field of
communication science related to semiotics studies.
2. In practical terms, it is hoped that the findings of this study will provide benefits for
various parties, such as students, filmmakers, producers, and the general public. This
research can be a guide in choosing and enjoying useful films, as well as helping to
avoid films that lack value. Thus, this research aims to allow the audience to better
understand the meaning contained in the film and learn from its content.
Representation of Journalists' Professionalism in the Film A Taxi Driver
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3031
Research Methods
Type of Research
The type of research used in this study is a descriptive qualitative type. Researchers
chose this method because it requires in-depth analysis and comprehensive answers that
can be obtained through a qualitative approach, which focuses on words or sentences, not
numbers. This method does not rely on statistics but uses an inductive thinking approach,
which is the process of developing specific thinking into general thinking. The results of
the study are then presented in the form of a narrative containing factual data, describing
the phenomenon being studied in detail and comprehensively (Albi et al. 2018). After
that, the results of the research will be described systematically. The object of this
research is a clip of a scene in the movie "A Taxi Driver" that represents the
professionalism of journalists, analyzed using the semiotics approach of the Roland
Barthes model.
Research Focus
Based on the theories and concepts that have been described, the focus of the
research is set to limit the scope of the study to facilitate data management and produce
more focused conclusions. The focus of this research is the representation of journalists'
professionalism by the IFJ (International Federation of Journalists) Journalistic Code of
Ethics. This study uses the semiotic analysis of the Roland Barthes model to examine the
meaning through denotation, connotation, and myth in the movie "A Taxi Driver.
Data Source
The data sources in this study are as follows:
1. Primary data is data obtained directly by analyzing the research object, namely the
film A Taxi Driver.
2. Secondary data is additional data or complementary data that is essentially used to
complement existing data, such as books, research journals, references to films and
other sites that intersect with this research.
Data Collection Techniques
The data collection techniques used in this study use observation and
documentation techniques. The data collection techniques in the research are as follows:
1. Observation is the process of observing and recording in sequence the symptoms or
phenomena to be studied (Sarosa, 2021). The observation technique in this study was
carried out directly by watching and observing the images and text in the movie A Taxi
Driver.
2. Documentation, The data collection process involves documents such as photographs,
written documents, and electronic documents (Sarosa, 2021). These documents can be
articles, books, photos, journals, laws, and websites. The documentation technique was
Maulidia Azwini Anzar, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani, Kheyene Molekandella Boer
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3032
carried out by taking screenshots of scenes in the film A Taxi Driver which reflects
the professionalism of journalists. The collected data will be analyzed using the media
text content analysis method, especially the semiotic analysis of the Roland Barthes
model.
Data Analysis Techniques
Data analysis in qualitative research is a systematic process to understand the results
of observations, documentation, and interviews. It involves four stages: defining the
object, grouping the data, providing an overview, and analyzing it to find important
findings. Data can be in the form of narratives, words, or sentences. This stage is
important because the researcher's ability to give meaning to the data determines the
validity and reliability of the results (Rijali, 2018). In detail, a summary description of the
analysis steps processed through semiotic analysis is as follows:
1. Collecting data from documentation and literature.
2. Determine the semiotic model to be used.
3. Classify the data by identifying the signs, the reasons behind the selection of the signs,
determining symbolic patterns, and considering semiotic elements in scenes that
demonstrate the professionalism of journalists
4. Determine the scene in the movie A Taxi Driver by looking at markers, signs, and the
meaning of connotations and denotations.
5. Analyze data based on ideology, social aspects, and their relation to other relevant
signs and laws.
6. Presenting conclusions in the form of a brief narrative that assesses and analyzes the
data found (Wiwin Yuliani, 2020).
Results and Discussion
A Taxi Driver is a 2017 South Korean film directed by Jang Hoon. A historical
drama genre film set in the real events of the Gwangju Democracy Movement in South
Korea in 1980. The film tells the story of the journey of a taxi driver named Kim Man-
seob (played by Song Kang-ho) who is accidentally involved in the incident. Kim is a
widower who works hard to support her daughter. One day, he receives an offer from a
German journalist named Jürgen Hinzpeter (played by Thomas Kretschmann) to deliver
him to Gwangju in exchange for a large reward. Without knowing the dangerous man's
whereabouts there, Kim agreed to the offer.
In this analysis process, the researcher identified several scenes from the movie A
Taxi Driver, but only the most relevant ones to the chosen focus of the study. The
researcher found 10 scenes that describe how journalists' professionalism is reflected by
the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Code of Journalistic Ethics by using
Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis approach to unravel the denotative, connotative, and
mythical meanings in each scene that shows how journalists play the role of critical
mediators and liaisons in the context of the conflicts raised in this film. Here are 10
scenes that reflect the professionalism of journalists by the IFJ journalistic code of ethics:
International Code of Ethics of the Federation of Journalists (IFJ) ARTICLE 1
Representation of Journalists' Professionalism in the Film A Taxi Driver
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3033
Table 2 Article 1 "Respect for Truth”
Denotative Markers
(Denotative Signifier)
Scene 1, Durasi : 15:13 - 16:05
Figure 1
Peter was talking to reporter Lee.
Tanda Denotative Sign
Reporter Lee explained that they could not move as they wanted because they were
being watched by the government and Peter had to be careful.
Connotative Markers
(Conotative Signifier)
Close up: Peter is sitting in a café talking and his
gaze is looking at reporter Lee.
Myths
In Korean culture, talking while sitting face to face and making eye contact with each
other, which reflects the values of respect, openness, and honesty, is known by the terms
"Mujin (무진)" meaning "direct gaze" and "Yeonmu (연무)" meaning "eye contact",
and is considered a sign of respect and seriousness, showing full attention, trust, and
openness in communication.
This scene begins when Peter meets his colleague Reporter Lee at a café. Peter
obtains some information about the ongoing chaos in Gwangju. To confirm the truth of
Maulidia Azwini Anzar, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani, Kheyene Molekandella Boer
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3034
the information, Peter decides to go to Gwangju. Reporter Lee is worried and tries to
remind Peter to remain cautious considering that Gwangju is a conflict area that can
threaten his death at any time.
The denotative marker of this scene is seen when Peter is talking to reporter Lee.
While the connotative marker is in the form of a medium close-up shooting technique.
The scene of Peter sitting in a café and his gaze towards Reporter Lee shows the existence
of a professional relationship between Peter and Reporter Lee, with effective
communication through the exchange of clear and precise information to get the job done.
They met at a café in Seoul, where Peter sat across from Reporter Lee, and his gaze
reflected his curiosity and deep interest in what Reporter Lee had to say. From these
markers and signs come myths about the importance of upholding values such as respect,
openness, and honesty. In South Korea it is known as "Mujin" (direct gaze) and
"Yeonmu" (eye contact) This practice is considered a sign of respect and seriousness, as
well as showing full attention, trust, and openness in communication.
This scene was chosen because it represents the professionalism of journalists
through Peter's decision to go to Gwangju, he not only relies on secondary information
but also actively collects data directly in the field. Peter's actions are according to the IFJ
Journalistic Code of Ethics in Article 1 "Respecting the Truth". Professional journalists
must verify and ensure the accuracy of the information they collect before presenting it
to the public. (Puspita Ningsih, Hasnah Nasution, Dakwah dan Komunikasi, & Islam
Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang, 2023). Journalists should not rely solely on information
from social media, such as video clips or photos. Journalists must access primary sources
to get trustworthy information (Meidiana, 2020). Peter demonstrates the criteria of a
professional journalist by conducting on-site information verification, applying
investigative skills, and adhering to ethical standards. His journalistic sensitivity is
evident in his commitment to uncovering the truth in Gwangju despite the risks, as well
as his extensive networking skills.
International Code of Ethics Federation of Journalists (IFJ) ARTICLE 2
Tabel 2 “Kebebasan Pers”
(Denotative Signifier)
(Denotative Signified)
Scene 2, Duration: 01:40:53 – 01:41:09
Dialogue:
Peter: "I'm with you. Mr. Kim, you
are back in Seoul. I have to keep
recording"
Kim Man Seob: "Hey, I've received
the money, let's go together. I'm a
taxi driver and you're a taxi
passenger. Ok?"
Peter: "Ok, together”
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3035
Figure 2
Peter is in the corridor of the hospital.
(Denotative Sign)
Peter's back can be seen looking at the taxi drivers.
(Conotative Signifier)
(Conotative Signified)
Medium close-up: Peter was in a hospital corridor
and looked at the Gwangju taxi drivers.
Peter can be seen looking at the taxi
drivers, showing a strong desire and
determination to join them to record
the events that are taking place. This
shows Peter's drive and commitment
to achieve his goals despite facing
dangerous situations.
Myths
"Han (한)” South Korean cultural values refer to a person's resilience and determination
in the face of difficulties and obstacles. "Han" depicts inner strength and a strong spirit to
keep fighting despite facing various challenges. It is a form of courage and determination
to keep trying to achieve goals despite difficulties or suffering.
The scene begins when Peter, Kim, Hwang, and the Gwangju taxi drivers are in the
hospital to see Gu Jae Sik's body. Afterwards, they gathered in the corridor of the hospital.
Two taxi drivers came with news of a brutal shooting carried out by the army. Hwang
immediately heads to the shooting site and advises Peter and Kim to return to Seoul due
to the dangerous situation. However, Peter chooses to come with a taxi driver to record
the event, telling Kim to return to Seoul. Kim refused, and eventually, they all headed to
the shooting site.
The denotative marker of this scene can be seen from Peter who is in the corridor
of the hospital. Meanwhile, the connotative marker is in the form of a medium close-up
image arching technique. From the dialogue, Peter expresses his desire to be with the taxi
driver to be able to record the shooting incident, showing that Peter has a strong desire
and determination to achieve his goal even though he faces risks that can threaten his life.
From these markers and omens comes a myth that corresponds to the value of "Han"
(한), a concept of Korean culture that reflects resilience, inner strength, and the spirit to
keep fighting despite difficulties.
This scene was chosen because it represents the professionalism of journalists
through Peter's desire and determination to record the chaos in Gwangju. Peter's attitude
Maulidia Azwini Anzar, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani, Kheyene Molekandella Boer
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3036
reflects the freedom of the press with the courage and dedication to reporting news
directly despite the dangers, as well as upholding the right of journalists to convey
accurate information. His actions are according to the IFJ Journalistic Code of Ethics in
Article 2 "Freedom". Journalists in democratic societies collect and deliver important
information, monitor the government, and raise public awareness. Their freedom is at the
heart of democracy, ensuring that the public is informed objectively and relevantly
(Nabiilah, 2023). Peter demonstrates the professionalism of journalists with a deep
understanding of the importance of reporting events live, journalistic skills in capturing
important moments, and ethical awareness to report without sacrificing safety or integrity.
This action reflects Peter's commitment to providing accurate and relevant information to
the public.
International Code of Ethics of the Federation of Journalists (IFJ) ARTICLE 4
Table 3 Article 4 "Fairway of obtaining information"
Denotative Markers
(Denotative Signifier)
Denotative Signs
(Denotative Signified)
Scene 3, Durasi : 53:12 – 55:00
Figure 3
Peter recorded in the middle of a puff of smoke.
Dialogue:
Kim Man Seob: "Danger! Danger!,
If you want to record it, do it from
there. You'll be in trouble here. Let's
go Ok?" (*Peter fell and his camera
fell to the ground)
"Are you okay? Sorry, sorry!"
Peter: "What's your problem?"
Kim Man Seob: "I told you it's
dangerous here and just shut up!
LET'S GO"
Peter: "Don't touch me!"
Kim Man Seob: "You want to die?
Come on, we have to go now!"
Jae Sik : "Cut, Cut!"
Tanda Denotative Sign
Peter tried to document the riot situation using his camera.
Connotative Markers
(Conotative Signifier)
Connotative Signs
(Connotative Signified)
Medium close-up: Peter is filming with his camera
amid riots and smoke with Kim and Gu Jae Sik.
It can be seen that Peter is trying to
document the chaotic and smoky riot
situation using his camera. He is in
the middle of the chaos with Kim and
Gu Jae Sik, showing his courage and
commitment as a journalist to get live
footage of the incident.
Mitos (Myth)
"Hwarang (화랑)" is known as a group of young people from the Silla era who are famous
for their courage, passion and dedication. Hwarang is a South Korean cultural value that
refers to the importance of courage, dedication, and passion in the face of challenges. This
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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3037
concept reflects commitment and courage in carrying out duties, even in dangerous
situations.
The scene begins when Peter, Kim, and Jae Sik meet with Reporter Choi, and then
document the riots and army violence against the protesters. Jae Sik wants to help,
followed by the others. Below, they were greeted by puffs of smoke and demonstrators
running around. Peter continues to record despite the danger, and Kim tries to pull him
out. After falling and the camera was almost broken, the three of them finally managed
to get out of the riot.
The denotative marker of this scene can be seen when Peter is recording in the
middle of a puff of smoke. Meanwhile, the connotative marker is in the form of a medium
close-up shooting technique. From this scene, it can be seen that Peter is trying to
document the riot event using his camera while standing amid chaos and smoke. This
indicates that as a journalist, Peter has the courage and commitment to his profession
which requires reporting information according to the facts so that the scene is by the
value of South Korean culture, namely "Hwarang" (화랑) which emphasizes the
importance of courage in carrying out duties, even in dangerous situations.
International Code of Ethics Federation of Journalists (IFJ) ARTICLE 8
Tabel 4.5 Pasal 8 “Transparansi”
Denotative Markers
(Denotative Signifier)
Denotative Signs
(Denotative Signified)
Scene 4, Durasi : 57:10 - 57:17
Figure 4.9
Peter and Jae Sik are in the taxi.
Dialogue:
Gu Jae Sik: "Please promise me, you
have to show us our news"
Peter: "When this tape goes live, the
whole world will see it. You're not
alone"
Gu Jae Sik: "Thank you very
much".
Tanda Denotative Sign
The dialogue when Peter promised to broadcast news about Gwangju.
Connotative Markers
(Conotative Signifier)
Connotative Signs
(Connotative Signified)
Medium close-up: Peter sits in a taxi, his gaze
directed at Jae Sik and tries to convince Jae Sik.
It can be seen in this scene that there
is a non-verbal interaction and
emotional support between Peter and
Jae Sik, which shows that Peter gives
his full attention and honesty in his
Maulidia Azwini Anzar, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani, Kheyene Molekandella Boer
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3038
efforts to convince Jae Sik. Peter's
focused gaze reflects his seriousness
and determination to deliver an
important message or promise.
Myths
"Jeong (정)" is a South Korean cultural value that refers to deep emotional support and a
sense of care between individuals and reflects a sense of mutual understanding, affection,
care, and emotional support to create a close and warm relationship between people. Jeong
is an important aspect of building strong and mutually supportive relationships in Korean
society.
Denotative Markers
(Denotative Signifier)
Denotative Signs
(Denotative Signified)
Scene 5, Durasi : 01:09:24 - 01:09:50
Figure 4
Peter was telling his plan.
Dialogue:
Peter: "The next second I arrive in
Japan, my recording will be in the
news. The whole world will see it.
Mr. Kim will take me back to the
airport, and... anyway, without him I
wouldn't have reached Gwangju."
Tanda Denotative Sign
When he arrives in Japan, Peter will immediately publish news about Gwangju.
Connotative Markers
(Conotative Signifier)
Connotative Signs
(Connotative Signified)
Medium close-up: Peter is talking about his plans
once he returns to Japan.
Peter's facial expression when telling
his plan shows that he cares and is
serious about carrying out his plan.
This signifies the importance of the
situation and the urgency of Peter's
actions and how he appreciates the
impact of his actions.
Myths
"Chung (충)" is a South Korean cultural value that emphasizes loyalty, dedication, and
commitment to a task or goal. It reflects the importance of being responsible and striving
hard, even in difficult or dangerous situations, to achieve success or carry out obligations
with integrity.
Both scenes begin when Peter and Kim decide to return to Seoul, but during the
trip, Jae Sik asks Kim to publish the news about Gwangju. Peter agreed and promised to
broadcast the news. When he was about to say goodbye, Kim's taxi broke down, then a
Representation of Journalists' Professionalism in the Film A Taxi Driver
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3039
local driver, Hwang Tae Sool, offered to help. They rest at Hwang's house, watching the
news full of lies about Gwangju. Angered by the inaccurate news, Hwang asks Peter to
broadcast the true news, and Peter promises to do so when he arrives in Japan.
Scene 4: The denotative marker of this scene is seen when Peter and Jae Sik are in
the taxi. Meanwhile, the connotative marker is displayed through a medium close-up
shooting technique. This scene highlights the interpersonal communication between Peter
and Jae Sik in the form of a pivotal moment when Peter promises to broadcast news about
Gwangju, reflecting his emotional support and professional responsibility as a journalist
as well as his commitment to uncovering the truth so that the scene is in line with South
Korea's cultural values of "Jeong (정)" is a value that reflects the deep emotional bond
between individuals. It develops through social interaction, creating close relationships
and mutual support in Korean society.
Scene 5: The denotative marker of this scene shows Peter telling a story.
Meanwhile, connotative markers are displayed through a medium close-up shooting
technique. This scene highlights Peter's expression that he plans to publish the news about
Gwangju when he arrives in Japan. The phrase reflects his seriousness and responsibility
as a journalist as well as careful planning in reporting events accurately to uncover the
truth and maintain integrity in journalism. so that the scene has a conformity with the
South Korean cultural value of "Chung" (충) This concept emphasizes loyalty and
commitment to duty, as well as the importance of being responsible and striving hard,
even in difficult situations, to achieve success with integrity.
A Taxi Driver is a South Korean drama, historical, and political film directed by
Jang Hoon, based on the true story of the Gwangju uprising in May 1980. This film tells
the life of a taxi driver named Kim Man Seob (Song Kang Ho) who is accidentally seen
in the uprising in Gwangju after helping a foreign journalist from Germany named Peter
(Thomas Kretschmann) to cover the incident. If examined more deeply, it turns out that
this film, which takes a story with the background of a taxi driver, has a meaning or
message in the story. One of them is the very significant role of journalists, especially in
the context of reporting events that are not disclosed by domestic media. Peter, a foreign
journalist, became a voice for those silenced by South Korean authorities during the
Gwangju uprising. The film highlights the important role of journalists in maintaining
journalistic professional values such as respect for the truth, freedom of the press, fair
access to information, transparency, solidarity, and humanity amid crises, as well as
showing how bold and integrity reporting can have a major impact in uncovering the truth
and driving social change.
Based on the semiotic studies that have been carried out by researchers, in this film
are found signs that represent the professionalism of journalists by the International Code
of Journalistic Ethics of the Federation of Journalists (IFJ). Specifically, the researcher
examines the sign through the perspective of semiotic analysis of the Roland Barthes
model, namely by interpreting meaningful signs based on the cultural background
attached to the sign.
Maulidia Azwini Anzar, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani, Kheyene Molekandella Boer
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3040
Working as a journalist is certainly one of the jobs that is full of responsibility and
high risk because they are often on the front lines to report important events, sometimes
in conflict areas or dangerous situations. They must ensure that the information presented
is accurate and unbiased, while still maintaining their safety. In addition, journalists must
also be able to face pressure from various parties who may try to influence or hinder the
actual news.
Peter's character in the film A Taxi Driver is an example of a journalist who dares
to take risks by reporting in conflict areas. Peter faced various obstacles that made it
difficult for him to report during his time in Gwangju such as the physical danger of the
conflict putting him at risk of being shot or arrested by the military, very limited access
to information and censorship by the authorities forcing him to work hard to obtain
accurate data. Language and cultural barriers make it difficult to communicate and
understand the local situation. The existence of psychological pressure due to the loss of
a colleague and witnessing human violence and suffering adds to the emotional burden.
Despite facing all these challenges, Peter remained persistent and showed great dedication
and courage as a professional journalist.
Myths in the movie A Taxi Driver
According to Roland Barthes, myths are systems built on pre-existing semiotic
structures. In semiotic analysis, myths often use words or symbols that impress the user's
unconsciousness of certain aspects of reality or nature. Myths are the result of the
development of connotations that have existed for a long time in society and are then
considered as stories that provide validation for dominant values in a certain period.
Myths serve to emerge and validate values that are considered valid in a social and
cultural context (Panji and Yunita, 2021).
In the movie A Taxi Driver, the myths conveyed reflect the values that already exist
in South Korean society. The film depicts the struggle of journalists to uncover the truth
amid conflict, with symbols such as cameras, notes, and the courage of journalists that
emphasize the importance of professionalism in journalism. The myths in this film not
only tell a heroic story, but also affirm the professional values of journalists by the IFJ
Journalistic Code of Ethics, such as respect for the truth, freedom of the press, fair way
of obtaining information, transparency, solidarity, and humanity. The film shows how
journalists work together and bravely take great risks to report the truth, illustrating the
values that are valued in South Korean culture.
In this study, 10 scenes were found that contain myths that reflect the deep cultural
and social values of South Korea, such as those shown in the movie A Taxi Driver. One
example is when Peter meets reporter Lee, as seen in image 4.6 on the denotative marker,
Peter appears to be staring at reporter Lee while saying, "I have to go to Gwangju first."
In Korean culture, the terms "Mujin (무진)" means "direct gaze" and "Yeonmu (연무)"
means "eye contact", This cultural concept is considered a sign of respect and seriousness,
as well as showing full attention, trust, and openness in communication. An example is
talking while sitting across from each other and looking into each other's eyes.
Representation of Journalists' Professionalism in the Film A Taxi Driver
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3041
Working as a journalist is a job full of responsibilities and risks, especially when
covering conflict areas. In a situation like this, courage is needed. South Korea is one of
the countries that has a cultural concept known as "Han (한)", which reflects a person's
resilience and determination in facing difficulties (Kim 2022). An example can be seen
in Figure 4.7 when Peter wants to go to the shooting site to record the incident, despite
the high risk. It is a form of courage and determination to keep trying to achieve goals
despite difficulties or suffering. Peter's act of courage is also seen in Figure 4.8, when
Peter is recording amid riots and thick smoke, reflecting the cultural concept of "Hwarang
(화랑)" is a group of youth from the Silla era who are renowned for their courage, passion
and dedication in the face of challenges (Wibisono 2023). Both of these concepts show
commitment and courage in carrying out tasks, even in dangerous situations.
In addition to courage, Peter's character shows the importance of transparency in
journalism. As a journalist representing the voice of the people oppressed by the
government, Peter, as seen in Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10, shows a strong commitment to
uncovering the truth despite the enormous risks he faces. He is transparent about his goals
and reporting methods, which helps build public trust and ensure the accuracy of
information. Peter's attitude of transparency in Figure 4.19 is in line with the concept of
"Jeong (정)" in South Korean culture, which emphasizes emotional support and caring
between individuals, which develops over time, based on empathy, kindness,
vulnerability, and mutual giving. This value encourages us to be fully involved in
interactions with others to deepen our mutual understanding. As well as the concept of
"Chung (충)", which reflects loyalty, dedication and responsibility to duty, even in
dangerous situations, to achieve success or carry out obligations with full integrity (Karin
Eldor 2021).
Journalist Professionalism Representation
Stuart Hall defines representation as the process by which meaning is created and
exchanged through language, signs, and images in culture. Representation involves the
selection, arrangement, and interpretation of signs, not just reflecting reality. Language
as a sign system communicates meaning, with cultural codes helping to understand and
produce meaning. Representation is formed through the social construction of social and
cultural interactions, not an intrinsic attribute of the object or idea itself. This process of
representation changes ideology from an initially abstract to a more concrete and
structured form. In film, representation is not only entertainment but also education,
connecting film with society in depth. Film is not just a medium, but also plays a role as
a driver of public opinion, making it relevant to the interests of the community. In the
context of film, representation is used to explore and understand meaning through the
various signs and codes presented in the film's narrative. Therefore, the phenomenon of
representation in film is very rich and complex, showing that film is not only a work of
visual art but also a reflection of values and narratives that influence people's views and
thoughts (Rachman 2020). In the context of Stuart Hall's theory of representation, the film
A Taxi Driver depicts the professionalism of journalists through the actions taken by
Maulidia Azwini Anzar, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani, Kheyene Molekandella Boer
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3042
Peter's character as a journalist. Representation is the result of a social construction that
reflects values and norms about what is considered professionalism in journalism.
The representation of journalists' professionalism can be seen in Peter's courage to
decide to go to Gwangju alone despite being warned about the risks in the conflict area.
His dedication was evident when he chose to go to the shooting site to film the situation
there, as well as when he dared to film the chaos amid riots and smoke billows. His
courage shows his commitment to the truth, as he not only relies on secondary information
but also chooses to be in the field to ensure the reports he produces are accurate and
trustworthy. While in Gwangju, Peter recorded riots brutal shootings and other acts of
violence. His actions reflect his dedication to journalistic duties and demonstrate skills in
managing dangerous situations, as well as affirming his commitment to journalistic ethics
that protect the dignity and freedom of individuals.
A journalist representing the voice of the people of Gwangju, Peter also showed
transparency when he promised to publish news about the Gwangju uprising once he
arrived in Japan, emphasizing his integrity and moral responsibility. He is the only hope
for the people of Gwangju to be free from government constraints. Peter not only
performs his journalistic duties by documenting events in Gwangju but also uses
representation to convey values such as solidarity through his relationship with Kim Man
Seob and the local people of Gwangju. Peter's actions in saving Kim's life and
reimbursing Kim's taxi show that solidarity is an important aspect of the journalistic
profession. Although his hopes of reuniting with Kim did not materialize, their
relationship reflects the professionalism of journalism and affirms the importance of
solidarity and human relations in the face of risky and complex situations.
In addition to solidarity, Peter also upholds humanitarian values such as recording
Jae Sik's body despite being in a mourning atmosphere and efforts to help evacuate
shooting victims showing that he is not only a passive observer but also actively
participates in humanitarian efforts. Through these actions, the film builds a professional
representation of journalists as courageous, dedicated and responsible individuals, willing
to face danger and emotional pressure to uncover the truth and protect the public interest.
This representation not only reflects the ethical values in journalism but also illustrates
the complexities and challenges faced by journalists in conflict situations, by Hall's
concept of how meaning is created and exchanged in culture through representation.
Peter's character displays the professionalism of journalists by describing various
values by the IFJ International Journalistic Code of Ethics. This representation is in line
with Stuart Hall's view of how media not only reflects reality but also shapes meaning
through language, signs, and images in culture. Peter's representation not only builds a
narrative of his character of courage and solidarity but also influences the myths that exist
in South Korean culture around the journalistic profession. In the film A Taxi Driver,
myths reflect long-standing connotations in South Korean society and reinforce values
such as integrity, courage, and humanity in journalism. According to Roland Barthes, the
myth is built on the previous semiotic structure, using symbols such as cameras and bold
actions to emphasize the values of journalists' professionalism (Panji and Yunita 2021).
Representation of Journalists' Professionalism in the Film A Taxi Driver
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3043
In this study, 10 scenes in the movie A Taxi Driver were found that reflect South
Korea's cultural and social values. For example, the scene when Peter meets reporter Lee
displays the cultural concept of "Mujin" or "Yeonmu," which shows respect through eye
contact. The film also depicts Peter's courage in covering conflict events, reflecting the
values of "Han" and "Hwarang" that emphasize resilience and passion. In addition, Peter's
transparency in journalism is in line with the values of "Jeong" and "Chung," which
underscore dedication and integrity. His solidarity, seen when Peter rescued and assisted
taxi driver Kim Man-seob, reflected the values of "Sound," "Bun." and "Eunhye," Peter's
humanitarian actions, such as recording the bodies of victims and evacuating shooting
victims, correspond to the values of "Hyo" and "Inganjeong." The film uses myths to
reinforce South Korean social values and emphasizes the importance of bold and moral
journalism.
Peter's character in the movie A Taxi Driver not only portrays journalists fighting
for the truth, but also shows how responsibility, courage, and empathy can inspire change
and give voice to the unheard. Through his actions, Peter meets the professional standards
of journalism and shows how ethical and responsible journalism can have a positive
impact on society and democracy.
Conclusion
Film not only functions as a medium of entertainment but also as a driver of public
opinion that is relevant to the interests of the community. Representation in film is used
to give meaning to various signs, transforming ideological concepts that were initially
abstract into more concrete and structured forms. The phenomenon of representation in
films shows that films also play a role as a reflection of values and narratives that affect
people's views and thoughts.
The conclusion of this study confirms that the representation of journalists'
professionalism in the film A Taxi Driver by Peter's character is closely related to the
core values in journalism practice, as stipulated in the articles of the IFJ International
Code of Journalistic Ethics.
Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis reveals that Peter's character shows a
commitment to the values contained in the IFJ Journalistic Code of Ethics through his
various actions in reporting news. This film shows how ethical journalism can have a
profound impact on uncovering the truth. Therefore, the principles of journalism upheld
by the IFJ International Code of Journalistic Ethics are essential to ensure that journalists
act professionally and with high integrity. So that it can provide useful information for
the wider community.
Maulidia Azwini Anzar, Kadek Dristiana Dwiviyani, Kheyene Molekandella Boer
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 3044
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