p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254
Vol. 5, No. 8 August 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 2946
Physical Environmental Factors of The House and Smoking
Habit on Acute Respiratory Infections in Toddlers 0-5 years
in Buliang District Batam City
Novela Sari
1
*, Elvi Sinarsi
2
, Ahmadi
3
, Risky Cyndythia Sukarno
4
Universitas Ibnu Sina, Indonesia
1,3,4
, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia
2
Email:
1*
2
3
*Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Keywords: home physical
environmental factors;
smoking habit; are
complaints.
Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an infection that occurs
in the respiratory tract, both the upper and lower respiratory
tract. This study aims to determine the relationship between
physical home environment factors and smoking habits on
ARI complaints in toddlers in Buliang, Batam City. The type
of research used is quantitative with a cross-sectional
research design. The sample in this study were mothers who
had children aged 0-5 years. The sampling technique used
was accidental sampling. The results of the chi-square test
analysis showed that there was a relationship between room
humidity and ARI complaints in toddlers (ρ-value = 0.000),
there is no room lighting with ARI complaints in toddlers (ρ
-value = 0.207), wall conditions and ARI complaints in
toddlers (ρ -value = 0.037), smoking habits with ARI
complaints in toddlers (p-value = 0.017) and there is no
relationship between floor conditions and ARI complaints in
toddlers (ρ-value = 0.121), ceiling condition with ARI
complaints in toddlers (ρ -value = 0.906).
Introduction
According to data gathered from the World Health Organization (WHO),
tuberculosis continues to rank among the top ten causes of mortality worldwide, with an
estimated 1.3 million patients dying from the disease each year (Sidabutar, Wahyanto, &
Jafar, 2024). Globally, there were 6.4 million new cases of tuberculosis or 64% of the
10.0 million cases that were reported annually (Pasaribu, Santosa, Kumala, Nurmaini, &
Hasan, 2021). Naturally, this exacerbates the global tuberculosis (TB) crisis, wherein
more people contract the disease and a growing percentage of them are incurable (RI
Ministry of Health, 2020).
Infectious diseases of the upper or lower respiratory tract that can result in mild to
lethal contamination are understood as acute respiratory infections (ARI). Data according
to the Indonesian Health Profile, for ARI disease is the third highest order (Raenti,
Gunawan, & Subagiyo, 2019). East Java province is the province with the highest
Novela Sari, Elvi Sinarsi, Ahmadi, Risky Cyndythia Sukarno
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 2947
prevalence of ARI of 50% and for North Sulawesi province it is the Province with the
lowest prevalence of 4.4%. (RI Ministry of Health, 2022).
According to the statistics of the Batam City Health Service in 2022, ARI cases
were 5,529, in 2021 there was a decrease in ARI cases by 4,762 and in 2022 there was a
relevant increase of 6,396 cases of ARI (Profil Dinas Kesehatan, 2022).
According to statistics from the Batam City Health Service, for the three highest
ARI illnesses there are on Puskesmas Sei Langkai as many as 2.555 news, Stone Aji news
as much as 2.311 news and Baloi Permai news 1.650 news (Health service Profile, 2022).
Based on the quantity obtained from Puskesmas Batu Aji related to ARI disease in
news for the last 3 years, the difference between the decline in the increase of cases per
year is in 2020 the number of people affected by ARI was 1.042 news, in 2021 has an
increase of 2.363 news and in 2022 has a decline of 2.311 (Secondary Data, 2022).
ARI disease in toddlers is the first disease in the Batu Aji Community Health
Center. There are 2 sub-districts in the working area of the Batu Aji Community Health
Center, namely Kibing Village with several 4,665 toddlers, Buliang Village with 6,141
toddlers and Bukit Tempayan Village with a total of 2,598 toddlers (Secondary Data,
2022).
From the results of observations and interviews, it was found that several houses
did not have ventilation, walls were covered with wood or zinc, there was a lack of
lighting in the house, especially sunlight, the condition of the floors were plastered, dusty
walls in the corners of the rooms and wrong habits (Lubis & Ferusgel, 2019). One family
who smoked while inside the house resulted in mild ARI complaints in toddlers such as
coughs, colds and fever (Bachtiar, 2018).
The relationship between the environment and humidity is that if the humidity in a
room is not optimal, it will cause the proliferation of bacteria or viruses causing ARI
diseases, including the lighting in the house (Ariano et al., 2019).
Therefore, people are encouraged to pay attention to and maintain the physical
environment of their homes, and apply healthy and clean living habits to avoid the risk of
contracting infectious diseases such as ARI.
From the statistical results above, the researchers intend to research because cases
of ARI in toddlers at the Batu Aji Community Health Center are relatively high and the
percentage of the physical environment of the home is still below the desired target.
Supported by previous research regarding the incidence of ARI, but not many have
researched the physical environmental factors of the home on ARI complaints. This study
aims to determine the relationship between physical home environment factors and
smoking habits on ARI complaints in toddlers in Buliang, Batam City.
Research Methods
This research is a type of quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach
(Hamid & Prasetyowati, 2021). The location of this research is Buliang Village, Batam
City. This research began in March-July 2023 from research planning, and research
implementation, to writing research reports. The population in this study was 2.206
Physical Environmental Factors of The House and Smoking Habit on Acute Respiratory
Infections in Toddlers 0-5 years in Buliang District Batam City
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 2948
toddlers. The sampling technique used is the approach of accidental sampling (Sugiyono,
2019).
Quantitative data is the type of data used in this research. Regarding physical
environmental factors at home and smoking habits of family members on ARI in toddlers,
this information was collected through interviews using questionnaires and direct
observation. The analysis used in this research is univariate analysis which includes: room
humidity, room lighting, house floor condition, house wall condition, house ceiling
condition, members' smoking habits, and ARI complaints. As well as bivariate analysis
which determines whether there is a relationship between the independent factors and the
dependent variable. The Chi-Square test was used in the bivariate analysis of this study.
A computer program is used to carry out the chi-square test, at a 95% confidence level
with a p-value ≤ 0.05 (Notoatmodjo, 2005).
Results and Discussion
This section should provide all results of the study briefly which makes the reader
easy to understand. It could be divided into subsections to explain separately.
Respondent Characteristics
Table 1
Frequency of Toddler (n=83)
Age
n
%
3 Months
1
1.2
4 Months
3
3.6
5 Months
2
2.4
6 Months
1
1.2
7 Months
1
1.2
8 Months
2
2.4
10 Months
1
1.2
1 Year
8
9.6
2 Years
9
10.8
3 Years
15
18.1
4 Years
18
21.7
5 Years
22
26.5
The results of Table 1. describe that of the 83 toddlers sampled, 1 toddler (1.2%)
was 3 months old, 3 toddlers (3.6%) were 4 months old, 2 toddlers (2.4%) were 5 months
old, 1 toddler (1.2%) was 6 months old. months, 1 toddler (1.2%) aged 7 months, 2
toddlers (2.4%) aged 8 months, 1 toddler (1.2%) aged 10 months, 8 toddlers (9.6%) aged
1 year, 9 toddlers (10.8%) aged 2 years, 15 toddlers (18.1%) were 3 years old, 18 toddlers
(21.7%) were 4 years old and 22 toddlers (26.5%) were 5 years old.
Toddler Gender Frequency
Table 2
Toddler Gender (n=83)
Gender
n
%
Boy
45
54.2
Girls
38
45.8
Novela Sari, Elvi Sinarsi, Ahmadi, Risky Cyndythia Sukarno
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 2949
The results of Table 2 describe that of the 83 toddlers sampled, 45 toddlers (54.2%)
were boys and 38 toddlers (45.8) were girls.
Analysis Univariate
Table 3
Variable Studied (n=83)
Variable
n
%
House Humidity
Qualify
55
66.3
Not Eligible
28
33.7
House Lighting
Qualify
53
63.9
Not Eligible
30
36.1
Floor Condition
Qualify
55
66.3
Not Eligible
28
33.7
House Wall
Qualify
71
85.5
Not Eligible
12
14.5
House Ceiling
Qualify
54
65.1
Not Eligible
29
34.9
Smoking Habit
Yes
54
65.1
No
29
34.9
Incidence of ARI
Have of ARI Complaints
54
65.1
Did not Have ARI
Complaints
29
34.9
Based on Table 3, shows that for the humidity variable, the majority of respondents
had house humidity that met the requirements, namely 55 people (66.3%) and respondents
who had house humidity that did not meet the requirements, namely 28 people (33.7%).
House lighting variables: the majority of respondents had house lighting that met the
requirements, namely 53 people (63.3%) and respondents who had house lighting that did
not meet the requirements, namely 30 people (36.1%). For the floor condition variable,
the majority of respondents had floor conditions that met the requirements, namely 55
people (66.3%) and 28 respondents who had floor conditions that did not meet the
requirements (33.7%). The house wall condition variable was that most of the respondents
had house wall conditions that met the requirements, 71 people (85.5%) and 12 people
(14.5%) did not meet the requirements (Dongky & Kadrianti, 2016). In the house ceiling
condition variable, 54 people (65.1%) met the requirements and 29 people (34.9%) did
not meet the requirements. The smoking habit variable was that mostly 54 people (65.1%)
smoked and 29 people (34.9%) did not smoke. And in the ARI incidence variable, the
majority of respondents have ARI complaints, 54 people (65.1%) and those who did not
have ARI complaints, 29 people (34.9%).
Physical Environmental Factors of The House and Smoking Habit on Acute Respiratory
Infections in Toddlers 0-5 years in Buliang District Batam City
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 2950
Table 4
Physical Environmental Factors of The House and Smoking Habit on Acute Respiratory
Infections in Toddlers 0-5 years in Buliang District Batam City
Variable
Incidence of ARI
Total
Have of ARI
Complaints
Did not Have of
ARI Complaints
n
%
n
%
n
%
House Humidity
Qualify
20
71.4
8
28.6
28
100
Not Eligible
5
9.1
50
90.9
55
100
Chi-Square Test, Score ρ
= 0.000
House Lighting
Qualify
6
20.0
24
80.0
30
100
Not Eligible
19
35.8
34
64.2
53
100
Chi-Square Test, Score ρ
= 0.207
Floor Condition
Qualify
12
42.9
16
57.1
28
100
Not Eligible
13
23.6
42
76.4
55
100
Chi-Square Test, Score ρ
= 0.121
House Wall
Qualify
7
58.3
5
41.7
12
100
Not Eligible
18
25.4
53
74.6
71
100
Chi-Square Test, Score ρ
= 0.037
House Ceiling
Qualify
8
27.6
21
72.4
29
100
Not Eligible
17
31.5
37
68.5
54
100
Chi-Square Test, Score ρ
= 0.906
Smoking Habit
Yes
11
20.4
43
79.6
54
100
No
14
48.3
15
51.7
29
100
Chi-Square Test, Score ρ
= 0.017
Based on Table 4, the results of the chi-square test analysis show that the house
humidity variable shows ρ (0.000) < α (0.05), meaning that there is a relationship between
house humidity and the incidence of ARI. The house lighting variable shows ρ (0.207) >
α (0.05), meaning that there is no relationship between house lighting and the incidence
of ARI events (Suryani, Edison, & Nazar, 2015). The variable condition of the house
floor shows ρ (0.121)> α (0.05), meaning that there is no relationship between the
condition of the house floor and the incidence of ARI. The variable condition of the house
walls shows ρ (0.037) < α (0.05), meaning that there is no relationship between the
condition of the house walls and the incidence of ARI. The variable condition of the house
ceiling shows ρ (0.906) > α (0.05), meaning that there is no relationship between the
Novela Sari, Elvi Sinarsi, Ahmadi, Risky Cyndythia Sukarno
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 2951
condition of the house ceiling and the incidence of ARI. The smoking habit variable
shows ρ (0.017) < α (0.05), meaning that there is a relationship between smoking habit
and the incidence of ARI.
The results of the chi-square test analysis show that the house humidity variable
shows ρ (0.000) < α (0.05), meaning that there is a relationship between house humidity
and the incidence of ARI. Humid house conditions are usually caused by lack of
ventilation and lack of light entering the house. So viruses and germs will easily live and
reproduce in the house and the people who live in the house will easily get ARI.
The house lighting variable shows ρ (0.207) > α (0.05), meaning that there is no
relationship between house lighting and the incidence of ARI events. Lighting for the
entire room has a minimum intensity of 60 Lux and is not dazzling based on the
Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2023. If
the lighting is <60 lux in the room then bacteria and other microorganisms can live well,
conversely if the lighting in the room is ≥ 60 lux it can inhibit the growth of bacteria and
other microorganisms in the room.
The variable condition of the house floor shows ρ (0.121)> α (0.05), meaning that
there is no relationship between the condition of the house floor and the incidence of ARI.
A waterproof floor made of ceramic so that it does not increase the humidity in the house.
Floors that are not damp can also prevent the emergence of disease-carrying vectors such
as cockroaches or mice. The condition of the floor which is cleaned frequently is free
from dust or dirt so that it cannot interfere with the respiratory tract when breathing.
The variable condition of the house walls shows ρ (0.037) < α (0.05), meaning that
there is no relationship between the condition of the house walls and the incidence of
ARI. The type of wall affects the occurrence of ARI because the walls are difficult to
clean It causes a buildup of dust, so it will be used as a good medium for the growth of
germs. A good wall is made of plastered walls in good condition.
The variable condition of the house ceiling shows ρ (0.906) > α (0.05), meaning
that there is no relationship between the condition of the house ceiling and the incidence
of ARI. The condition of the house ceiling meets the specified standards, namely the
ceiling of the house is a ceiling. Because if the ceiling of the house does not have a ceiling
covering, it can cause ISPA agents to be more easily infected by toddlers. If there is no
ceiling, dirt or dust from the roof of the house will fall directly into the house, which will
cause respiratory problems.
The smoking habit variable shows ρ (0.017) < α (0.05), meaning that there is a
relationship between smoking habit and the incidence of ARI. Cigarette smoke is not only
a direct cause of ISPA complaints in toddlers but is an indirect factor that can weaken
toddlers' immune systems. Continuous exposure will cause respiratory problems,
especially aggravating the onset of ISPA. The more cigarettes a family smokes, the
greater the risk of ARI. Therefore, it is hoped that respondents will not smoke at home
and not smoke around toddlers.
Physical Environmental Factors of The House and Smoking Habit on Acute Respiratory
Infections in Toddlers 0-5 years in Buliang District Batam City
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 2952
Conclusion
The results of the study showed several important findings regarding the physical
environment of the house and its relationship with complaints of acute respiratory tract
infection (ARI) in toddlers. Most of the respondents indicated that the humidity of the
house was qualified, with 55 respondents (66.3%), lighting was qualified with 53
respondents (63.9%), floor condition was qualified with 55 respondents (66.3%), wall
condition was qualified with 71 respondents (85.5%), and house ceiling condition was
qualified with 54 respondents (65.1%).
In the description of family members who smoke, the majority of respondents were
known to smoke, namely 54 respondents (65.1%). Regarding ARI complaints in toddlers,
the majority of toddlers did not experience ARI complaints, namely 58 toddlers (69.9%).
The results of the chi-square test showed a relationship between humidity and ARI
complaints, with a value of p = 0.000. In addition, the results of the chi-square test also
showed a relationship between the condition of the wall and ARI complaints, with a value
of p = 0.037. Finally, the results of the chi-square test showed a relationship between
family members who smoke and ARI complaints, with a value of p = 0.017.
Novela Sari, Elvi Sinarsi, Ahmadi, Risky Cyndythia Sukarno
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2024 2953
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