p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254
Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3510
Internet of Things-Based Water Quality Control System
I Putu Andika Putra
1*
, Kadek Suar Wibawa
2
, Gusti Made Arya Sasmita
3
Universitas Udayana, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
1*
2
,
3
*Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Keywords: fish
incubation, water quality,
controlling, internet of
things.
Fish incubation, which involves the hatching of fish eggs,
represents the process of embryogenesis until the embryo
emerges from its protective shell. This intricate
developmental journey is influenced by a combination of
internal and external factors. External factors can be
influenced by water quality that is not suitable for hatching
fish eggs. Water quality, which includes temperature,
dissolved oxygen, light intensity, salinity, and pH, is an
important and limiting factor for living creatures that live in
water, including chemical, biological, and physical factors.
Poor water quality can prevent fish eggs from hatching and
even cause death. The primary objective here is the creation
of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system designed for
controlling water quality during fish incubation. This system
is intended to aid fish farmers in ineffectively controlling the
environmental conditions within their incubation ponds. The
method used in designing IoT devices is research and
development, and it uses the Arduino Mega microcontroller
as the main device to run pH sensors, turbidity sensors,
oxygen sensors, temperature sensors, and relay modules.
Water Quality Control System The fish incubation was
successful. The average time needed to change the water
temperature from 28.5 to 29 degrees Celsius is 4 minutes and
7 seconds; change the dissolved oxygen level from 11 to 11.5
is 3 minutes and 33 seconds; change the pH value of the
water from 6.9 to 7.1; and maintain turbidity below 5 with
an average time of 5 minutes and 58 seconds. Controlling
water quality can speed up the fish egg incubation process
for 8 hours.
Introduction
The hatching of fish eggs is the result of embryogenesis until the embryo comes out
of the shell. Embryo activity is influenced by factors from outside and inside the shell
(Violita et al., 2019); (Alfath et al., 2020). Low egg hatchability can be affected by
internal and external factors. External factors can be influenced by water quality that is
not suitable for hatching fish eggs or harvesting is carried out with carelessness so that
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3511
many fish eggs are damaged (Faris et al., 2023). Suboptimal water quality can interfere
with the growth process. The development of fish life is very influential in supportive
water quality will be very influential for aquatic animals living in it. Temperature, pH and
DO are parameters that play an important role for fish. Temperature plays a very
important role in regulating the activity of organisms, as it can regulate the speed of
chemical reactions in the body and metabolism (Faris et al., 2023). Fish can live well on
a cultivation medium that suits their needs. Under optimal conditions, fish can grow
optimally. In less than optimal conditions, fish adapt more so that their growth is not
optimal. To adapt to the environment, fish have tolerance and resistance to environmental
changes in a certain range. Water quality management is an effort that can be taken to
increase the productivity of fish farming activities. Water quality is said to be good if the
physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water are by what is needed by the
organism being maintained. The physical parameters of water quality include
temperature, depth, brightness, TDS, TSS, etc. The chemical parameters of water quality
include salinity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, etc. Biological parameters of water
quality include fertility, plankton abundance, etc (Scabra & Setyowati, 2019).
Internet of Things (United Kingdom: Internet of Things, also known as IoT for
short) is a concept that aims to expand the benefits of continuously connected internet
connectivity. The capabilities are such as data sharing, remote control, and so on,
including on objects in the real world. The Internet of Things is a concept that aims to
expand the benefits of continuously connected internet connectivity (Prasetyo et al.,
2019).
The function of IoT is to collect data or information and then process the data so
that it produces understandable meaning. IoT can transform information management to
get intelligent systems and solutions that can be applied in homes, offices, hospitals,
transportation, companies, schools and factories. IoT can create a complete internet
environment and make it easier for people to access various smart technologies that have
been integrated with automation that can be used anytime, anywhere (Megawati, 2021).
Research on water quality monitoring has been carried out a lot, including Araneta,
et al. in designing a water quality monitoring system by utilizing pH sensors, turbidity
sensors, TDS sensors, and temperature sensors which are then displayed on LCDs
(Araneta, 2022). Primantara, et al. designed a monitoring system for water quality using
pH, turbidity sensors, TDS sensors, and temperature sensors which then the data obtained
is sent into a database and can be accessed through the web and mobile application
(Primantara & Bhuana, 2021). Islam, et al. in designing a water quality monitoring system
that will be used for fish farming. Setiowati, et al. in designing a water quality monitoring
system by utilizing pH and oxygen sensors (Setiowati et al., 2022).
Based on this, the author made a prototype system for Fish Incubation Water
Quality Control Based on the Internet of Things by utilizing Arduino Mega
microcontrollers, NodeMCUs, and Firebase real-time databases.
Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller development board based on Arduino
using the ATmega2560 chip (Santosa & Wijayanto, 2022); (Tama et al., 2019). The
I Putu Andika Putra, Kadek Suar Wibawa, Gusti Made Arya Sasmita
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3512
Arduino Mega is used to control the various sensors used and will transmit data to the
NodeMCU. NodeMCUs are used as hosts or as data transfer modules in WiFi networks.
This module has advantages in good data processing and storage (Ulum et al., 2022).
Firebase Realtime Database is a real-time database stored in the cloud and supports
multiple platforms such as Android, iOS and Web (Maulana, 2020).
The device made by the researcher can find out the water quality in the incubation
pond and can take action to stabilize the water quality so that fish farmers only need to
monitor it.
Method
The research methodology is a process that will be carried out in this research which
begins with a search for literature studies, design and manufacture of tools, testing of
tools and the entire device system. The process of designing and manufacturing tools will
be described as follows.
Device Analysis
Device analysis is what is needed in building tools in this study. All tools and other
supporting needs that will be used in this study are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Tools and Materials
NO
Tools and Materials
Uses
1
1 Arduino Mega
As a data processor from sensors
2
1 piece ESP8266
As a module used to send data to the
internet
3
1 Water PH Sensor
As a Reader of Water PH Value
4
1 x Turbidity Sensor
As a Reader The value of water turbidity
5
1 DO Sensor
As a Reader of Dissolved Oxygen Value in
Water
6
1 Temperature Sensor
As a Reader of Temperature Values in
Water
7
1 Piece 3 Channel
Relay
As a Switch for water quality control device
8
1 x 20x4 LCD
To display the sensor value on the device
Scheme Design
Schematic Design is a series that connects pH sensors, turbidity sensors, Dissolved
Oxygen sensors, temperature sensors, relay modules, ESP8266 MCU nodes, and 16x4
LCD with Arduino Mega Microcontrollers. The NodeMCU ESP8266 be used as a bridge
between the Arduino Mega 2560 to send data from the DS18b20 temperature sensor,
DFRobot SKU SEN0189 turbidity sensor, SEN0161 SKU pH sensor, SEN0237 SKU DO
sensor, and relay module. The design of the IoT Scheme can be seen in Figure 1.
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3513
Figure 1 Schematic Design
The PH meter uses a probe made of a non-conductive glass cylinder that functions
as the sensor. By utilizing HCl compounds that soak the electrode wire, this tool can
measure the degree of acidity contained in water (HADIATNA & SUSANA, 2019).
Turbidity sensors are module sensors that work to read turbidity in water turbidity
particles cannot be seen by the direct eye. The more particles in the water indicate that
the level of turbidity of the water is also high.
The ds18b20 sensor is a temperature sensor that can measure temperature in the
range from -55°C to 125°C. In addition, DS18B20 has a built-in ADC and provides
temperature measurements with selectable resolution values from 9-bit to 12-bit for a
fairly high accuracy of ±0.5°C over a temperature range between -10°C to +85°C (Wijaya
& Wellem, 2022).
The DO sensor is used to detect oxygen levels in the water. This sensor has 4 input
pins, namely Analog Signal Output, VCC (3.3-5.5 V), GND, and Probe Cable Connector.
The probe used is a galvanic probe that does not require polarization time and is available
at any time.
Device Flow Design
The way the fish incubation water quality control system works is by assessing the
water condition through pH sensors, turbidity sensors, temperature sensors, and dissolved
oxygen sensors. The relay will take action according to the value displayed by the sensor.
A relay with a heater connection will take action when the temperature sensor value is
below the ideal temperature of incubation. A relay with a water filter connection will take
action if the pH and turbidity values are outside the ideal value of incubation. The relay
with the aerator connection will take action when the dissolved oxygen value is below the
ideal value of incubation. The value of the sensor is then sent to the NodeMCU which
will then be sent to Firebase.
I Putu Andika Putra, Kadek Suar Wibawa, Gusti Made Arya Sasmita
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3514
Results and Discussion
The results and discussion were divided into four stages, namely the results of the
design of the device, sensor testing, testing the time needed to control water quality, and
testing the hatching of fish eggs. The sensor testing stage is carried out by comparing the
sensor value with the value of the measuring instrument or solution that has been tested
in the laboratory so that the sensor value has a high level of accuracy. The time required
test is carried out by testing the average time it takes to control the water quality value.
Results of Tool Design
The IoT design for the Fish Incubation Water Quality Control System is
implemented using Arduino Mega and NodeMCU. The Arduino Mega functions to
control the entire sensor and relay module. Meanwhile, nodeMCU is used to send data to
a database which is then displayed on the Android application. The prototype of the Fish
Incubation Water Quality Control System can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Prototype of the Fish Incubation Water Quality Control System
The data obtained by the sensor will be transmitted by the Arduino Mega to the
NodeMCU. Next, the NodeMCU will send the received data into Firebase in time. The
data stored in Firebase Realtime is the overall sensor value and the status of each relay.
The appearance of the Android application is as follows.
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3515
Figure 3 Android App Display
Sensor Test Results
The results of the sensor test are carried out to determine the level of accuracy of
the sensor. The temperature sensor test is carried out by comparing the values obtained
by the sensor and the thermometer can be seen in Figure 5 (a). The oxygen sensor test
was carried out by comparing the values obtained by the DO sensor and the DO meter
seen in Figure 5 (b). Figure 5 (c) shows the process of testing a pH sensor by comparing
the sensor value to pH. Meanwhile, Figure 5 (d) shows the process of testing turbidity
sensors by measuring the values obtained by sensors whose turbidity values have been
tested in the laboratory.
(a) (b)
I Putu Andika Putra, Kadek Suar Wibawa, Gusti Made Arya Sasmita
Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3516
(c) (d)
Figure 4 Temperature sensor test (a) Oxygen centrifuge test (b) pH sensor test (c)
Turbidity sensor test (d)
The test is carried out by comparing the value obtained by the sensor with the value
obtained by the measuring instrument. The closer the sensor value is to the value obtained
by the measuring device, the more accurate the sensor value will be. In Table 2, the results
of the temperature sensor test by comparing the values obtained by the sensor and the
thermometer were carried out 13 times and obtained a Root Mead Squared Error (RSME)
value of 0, meaning that the value obtained by the sensor was accurate.
Tabel 2
Hasil Pengujian Sensor Suhu
Sensor Suhu
Ds18b20
Thermometer
Measuring
Instrument
Error
Square Error
19.5
19,5
0
0
20.12
20,1
0.02
0.0004
21.07
21
0.07
0.0049
21.57
21,5
0.07
0.0049
22.14
22
0.14
0.0196
22.58
22,5
0.08
0.0064
24.08
24
0.08
0.0064
24.59
24,5
0.09
0.0081
25.09
25
0.09
0.0081
26.1
26
0.1
0.01
26.6
26,5
0.1
0.01
27.1
27
0.1
0.01
30.62
30,6
0.02
0.0004
Number of Square Errors
0.0892
Amount of Data
13
Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
0
In Table 3, the test results carried out by the Dissolved Oxygen sensor by comparing
the values obtained by the sensor and the DO meter measuring instrument which were
carried out 5 times obtained a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) value of 0.02. This
value shows that the dissolved oxygen sensor can accurately check the condition of the
oxygen contained in the water.
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3517
Table 3
Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Test Results
Sensor DO
DO Meter
Error
Square Error
3.9
4
0.1
0.01
6.7
6.8
0.1
0.01
7.5
7.5
0
0
7.9
7.9
0
0
8.4
8.5
0.1
0.01
Number of Square Errors
0.03
Amount of Data
5
Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
0.02
The test for pH sensors uses a comparison of the values obtained by the sensor with
the values obtained by the pH meter by measuring the values in 6 solutions with different
acidity levels. The results of the pH sensor test can be seen in Table 4. Based on Table 4,
the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) value obtained is 0.01 which shows that the sensor
can accurately assess the acidity level of water.
Table 4
Ph Sensor Test Results
Sensor pH
pH Meter
Error
Square Error
2.3
2.25
0.05
0.0025
3.0
3.03
0.03
0.0009
4.0
4.01
0.01
0.0001
6.3
6.38
0.08
0.0064
9.4
9.52
0.23
0.0529
10.4
10.34
0.06
0.0036
Number of Square Errors
0.0664
Amount of Data
6
Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
0.01
In Table 4, the results of the turbidity sensor test were carried out by checking the
NTU values in 4 water solutions that had previously been examined in the laboratory.
Based on Table 5, the result of the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) is 0.06 which
proves that the value obtained by the turbidity sensor can be said to be accurate.
Table 5
Turbidity Sensor Test Results
Sensor pH
pH Meter
Error
Square Error
1.47
1.53
0.06
0.0036
5.55
5.01
0.54
0.29
10.17
10.67
0.5
0.25
87.97
87.94
0.03
0.0009
Number of Square Errors
0.544
Amount of Data
4
Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
0.06
Control Time Test Results
The control time test is carried out on the incubation aquarium which has been
designed in such a way that the water content in the aquarium is below the value required
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3518
in the incubation process. The results recorded were in the form of the average time
needed to control the water coolant in the incubation pond for each control device in as
many as four experiments.
The control test of the water temperature was carried out by calculating the time
needed to increase the temperature from 28.5 to 29 degrees Celsius using a water heater
that has a power of 75 Watts and is connected to one of the relays on the IoT device. The
experiment was carried out 4 times with the fastest time being 3 minutes 56 seconds and
the longest time being 4 minutes 23 seconds. The average time it takes to raise the water
temperature is 4 minutes 07 seconds. The results of the water temperature control time
test can be seen in Table 6.
Tabel 6
Hasil Pengujian Kontrol Suhu Air
The
experiment
Initial
Temperature
Value
Target
temperature
Time
1
28.5
29
4m 23s
2
28.5
29
3m 56s
3
28.5
29
4m 01s
4
28.5
29
4m 09s
Average Time
4m 07s
Table 6 shows the results of the control time test needed to control the water on the
dissolved oxygen parameter. The test was carried out by calculating the time it takes to
increase the oxygen level in the water from 11 to 11.5 mg/L using an aerator with a power
of 2.5 Watts that is already connected to one of the relays on the IoT device. The
experiment was carried out 4 times so that the fastest time was 5 minutes 24 seconds and
the longest time was 5 minutes 41 seconds. The average time obtained to increase the
oxygen level in the water was 5 minutes and 58 seconds.
Table 7
Do Air Control Test Results
The
experiment
Initial DO
value
Target DO
Time
2
11
11.5
5m 24s
3
11
11.5
6m 41s
4
11
11.5
5m 50s
5
11
11.5
5m 56s
Average Time
5m 58s
In Table 8, the test results of the control time needed to control the water on the
water pH and turbidity parameters obtained an average time of 3 minutes and 33 seconds
with 4 experiments carried out. The water parameters are controlled so that the pH value
of the water is stable at 7 and the turbidity value is below the value of 10 NTU using a
water filter. The fastest time needed is 3 minutes 10 seconds and the longest time needed
is 4 minutes 10 seconds.
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3519
Table 8
Ph and Water Turbidity Test Results
The
experiment
Initial
pH value
Final pH
Value
NTU
Initial
Value
NTU Final
Score
Time
2
6.8
7.1
5
4
3m 19s
3
6.9
7.1
4
0
3m 10s
4
6.8
7.1
5
5
3m 32s
5
6.7
7.1
4
1
4m 10s
Average Time
3m 33s
Fish Egg Hatching
Fish egg droplet testing was carried out at the Ringdikit Fish Seed Center. The test
was carried out by moving several kakabans into an incubation pond that was equipped
with a water quality control system. There are two stages, namely preparing mature
broodstock and the fish hatchery process, as well as the incubation process.
Mature broodstock selection is needed to increase the percentage of success in
hatchery. The characteristics of mature broodstock are that female broodstock has a
characteristic belly that looks enlarged and when the belly of the female brood is held it
will feel soft, while the male brood has a characteristic that when the belly of the fish is
slightly pressed, the eyes will release sperm fluid. It is also recommended that the weight
of both broodstock fish be the same to increase success.
The hatchery process is carried out for 24 hours by isolating the broodstock with 1
female broodstock compared to 2 male broodstock. In the process, the mother fish will
release fish eggs which will then attach to the prepared kakaban and will be fertilized by
the male mother. The selection of mature broodstock can be seen in Figure 6 (a). Figure
6 (b) shows the fish hatchery process.
Figure 6 Fish broodstock selection process (a) Fish hatchery process (b)
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3520
The next stage is to carry out the process of hatching fish eggs in the incubation
pond by taking a sample of a kakaban with several fish eggs ranging from 1000 to 3000
eggs. The water condition in the research incubation pond is regulated to remain stable
by setting the water heater to turn on when the temperature value reaches a value of 28
and will turn off when the temperature value reaches 29 so that the water temperature
remains stable at 29 degrees Celsius. The aerator is set to turn on when the oxygen reaches
a value of 11 and will turn off when it reaches a value of 11.5 so that the oxygen value
will be stable above 11 mg/L. The water filter pump is left on to keep the water in the
pool flowing, to prevent the occurrence of unpleasant odours caused by eggs that have
failed to hatch, and to keep the pH value of the water stable with a value of 7 and turbidity
with a value below 10. The incubation process of fish eggs can be seen in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Incubation process of fish eggs
The results of the fish egg hatching test were obtained that the hatching process in
the research pond with regulated and stable water quality at a certain value required a
faster hatching time of 8 hours compared to the pond pond with the same percentage of
egg hatching success.
Conclusion
The results of the experiment in this study show that the water quality measurement
sensor gets a value (error value/accuracy value). The average time needed to maintain the
water temperature between 28.5 to 29 degrees Celsius is 4 minutes 7 seconds, the average
time needed to produce dissolved oxygen levels between 11 to 11.5 is 3 minutes 33
seconds, the time needed to maintain the water pH value from 6.9 to 7.1 and maintain
turbidity below 10 NTU for 5 minutes 58 seconds. Controlled water quality among
vulnerable temperature values above 28 degrees Celsius, oxygen above 11 values, pH
with a value of 7 and turbidity below 10 NTU can shorten the time it takes for eggs to
hatch for 8 hours with the same percentage of successful hatching compared to not
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3521
controlling the water quality in the incubation pond. Thus, the water quality control
system for fish incubation is well-tested according to its function.
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Indonesian Journal of Social Technology, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2024 3522
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