p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Journal Indonesian Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4028

Effect of Material on Lathe Rotation at HSS (High-Speed

Steel) M42 Tool Cutting Tool Wear Level

Alfian Achmad Nuryanto

, Yasinta Sindy Pramesti

Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

, [email protected]

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Keywords: HSS M42

chisel;

AFNOR is low;

surface roughness tester.

This research analyzes HSS tool wear in turning AFNOR 07-

05-04-04-02 steel with variations in machine speed (RPM)

and feed depth. Steel, as an iron-based alloy, is known for its

superior strength and corrosion resistance, while HSS chisels

are used in the machining industry for their wear resistance

and ability to maintain sharpness at high temperatures. The

results showed that increasing RPM caused greater tool

wear, with the highest difference in tool weight at RPM 900

and 1200, reaching 1.0 grams, compared to 0.752 grams at

RPM 700. Surface roughness also increased with higher

RPM; at 1200 RPM the average value of Ra reaches

4.390565 µm, while at 700 RPM it is only 2.944778 µm.

These findings indicate that greater tool wear contributes to

increased surface roughness of the workpiece. Variations in

Ra, Rz, Rq, and Rt values indicate that different cutting

parameters significantly influence the surface quality. This

research is expected to provide valuable information for the

machinery industry and support the development of

materials science and increased productivity in

manufacturing.

Introduction

In the era of connected globalization, developments in science and technology make

the role of humans as the main driving force of modern industry increasingly important

(Industry, 2024). The ability to utilize knowledge and skills in implementing

technological innovation is the main pillar. Like a harmonious symphony, the magnificent

construction and precision machining process require science and technology integration

expertise. Steel, with its superior strength and corrosion resistance, is a key material in a

variety of industrial applications (Halim, 2022). HSS (High-Speed Steel) chisels, known

for their high hardness and wear resistance, are often used in machining to maintain

sharpness at high temperatures. In the turning process, the interaction between the tool

and the workpiece is very crucial. Tool wear management is key to ensuring optimal

results and production efficiency (Demmanggasa et al., 2023). This research aims to

analyze HSS tool wear in turning AFNOR 07-05-04-04-02 steel with variations in

Effect of Material on Lathe Rotation at HSS (High-Speed Steel) M42 Tool Cutting Tool Wear

Level

Journal Indonesian Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4029

rotation and feed depth, to provide valuable information for the machining industry and

support the development of materials science as a whole (Rahmananda et al., 2024). The

research results are expected to increase productivity and quality in the manufacturing

industry.

Previous research has been conducted to further understand the factors influencing

machining quality using HSS. For example, the study titled Investigation of Dimensional

Deviation in Wire EDM of M42 HSS Using Cryogenically Treated Brass Wire identified

that pulse-off-time, pulse-on-time, and spark gap voltage were the most significant

variables in the wire EDM process for M42 HSS. (Singh et al., 2019). This research

demonstrated that optimized parameter settings resulted in dimensional deviation

variations of around 3.15% from the predicted values. Additionally, another study titled

Optimization of Process Parameters for CNC Turning of High-Speed Steel (M42) found

that the nose radius of the insert and feed rate were the most critical factors affecting

surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) during HSS turning at a constant

spindle speed of 3000 rpm. (Singla & Singh, 2016).

The urgency of studying HSS tool wear in turning processes is highly relevant to

the current developments in the manufacturing industry. In a competitive industrial world,

improving production efficiency and product quality are primary objectives, making this

research valuable for understanding how process variables influence tool wear.

(Wiprayana & Sujana, 2024). The novelty of this study lies in the in-depth analysis of

HSS tool wear during the turning of AFNOR 07-05-04-04-02 steel, with variations in

rotation speed and feed depth, a topic that has not been extensively explored. The

objective of this study is to analyze HSS tool wear during the turning of AFNOR 07-05-

04-04-02 steel and to provide valuable information for the machining industry to improve

productivity and the quality of manufacturing processes. The results of this research are

expected to support the overall development of materials science and contribute to

innovations in machining technology. (NURYANTO, 2024).

Method

This research method was obtained from street vendors at PT Gresik, a collection

of relevant references obtained from the Nusantara PGRI Kediri University library, online

sources, and books on composite materials. This research was carried out at PT Gresik.

This stage is important as a theoretical basis, helping to classify, organize, and use

literature that supports the development of initial foundations and assumptions.

Tool

Lathe machine, Vernier caliper, digital scale, HSS M42 chisel, surface roughness

tester.

Research Materials

AFNOR Steel 05-07-04-04-02.

Testing

HSS (high-speed steel) tool wear testing and HSS M42 tool roughness testing.

Alfian Achmad Nuryanto, Yasinta Sindy Pramesti

Journal Indonesian Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4030

Results and Discussion

This wear test uses 2 test methods, namely by using the method of weighing the

initial weight and final weight of the HSS (high-speed steel) chisel and measuring the

initial length and final length of the HSS (high-speed steel) chisel using a projector profile

tool. (HARTANTO, 2019).

Chisel Weighing Results Before and After Turning

Table 1

Chisel Weighing Results Before and After Turning

Tool

Rpm

Initial Weight

Final Weight

Different

(Gr)

68,9875

68,9795

0,008

700

69,6875

69,6491

0,0384

67,9865

67,9695

0,017

66,9998

66,9631

0,0367

900

68,5571

68,5493

0,0078

66,8512

66,8482

0,003

69,8731

69,8531

0,02

1200

68,9241

68,9112

0,0129

66,8211

66,7141

0,107

Table 1 shows the results of weighing the HSS chisel before and after the turning

process at various RPMs. At 700 RPM, the weight difference ranges from 0.0384 gr to

0.008 gr, while at 900 and 1200 RPM, the difference increases to 0.107 gr to 0.003 gr.

This indicates that the higher the RPM, the greater the tool wear. Additionally, factors

such as feed rate, depth of cut, and workpiece material characteristics also influence tool

wear. (Fitriyadi, 2013). Comparisons with previous studies show a similar pattern, where

increased rotational speed significantly contributes to tool wear, impacting machining

quality and tool lifespan. These findings are essential for determining optimal cutting

parameters in industrial applications.

Figure 1

Results of weighing the chisel before and after turning

Figure 1 illustrates HSS tool wear across three experiments conducted at 700, 900,

and 1200 RPM. As the RPM increases, tool wear also escalates, with experiments 1 and

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

700rpm 900rpm 1200rpm

Wear (mm/rev)

TOOL WEIGHT CHART HSS

percobaan 3

percobaan 2

percobaan 1

Effect of Material on Lathe Rotation at HSS (High-Speed Steel) M42 Tool Cutting Tool Wear

Level

Journal Indonesian Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4031

3 displaying the most significant wear at 1200 RPM. This highlights the critical impact

of rotational speed on tool wear, where higher speeds tend to accelerate the degradation

of the cutting tool. Besides RPM, factors like feed rate and depth of cut also contribute to

wear progression. Understanding these relationships is vital for optimizing cutting

parameters, as excessive tool wear can lead to poor surface quality and increased

operational costs. Therefore, finding the ideal balance between speed, feed rate, and depth

of cut can extend tool life and improve the overall efficiency and quality of the turning

process. This optimization ensures better surface finish, reduced tool replacement

frequency, and greater cost-effectiveness in machining operations, particularly in high-

precision manufacturing environments where maintaining tool sharpness is crucial.

Table 2

Results of measuring the initial length and final length of the chisel

Tool

Rpm

Initial

Length

Final

Length

Different

(mm)

7,224

6,564

0,66

700

4,975

3,979

0,996

5,164

4,712

0,452

5,756

4,956

0,8

900

5,661

4,581

1,08

5,952

4,542

1,41

4,955

3,923

1,032

1200

4,464

3,864

0,6

4,821

3,486

1,335

In Table 2, the difference in the initial and final length of the HSS tool after turning

demonstrates the effects of varying RPM, feed rate, tool material, depth of cut, and the

workpiece on tool wear. The greater the difference in length, the more significant the tool

wear, indicating the importance of carefully selecting cutting parameters to minimize tool

degradation. These variations in tool length are crucial in the machining industry as they

directly impact the precision of the cutting process, surface finish quality, and overall tool

lifespan.

The results also underscore how each variable contributes differently to tool wear.

For example, higher RPMs tend to accelerate tool wear, while the depth of cut and feed

rate also play significant roles in determining the rate at which the tool deteriorates. By

analyzing these factors, manufacturers can optimize their machining processes,

improving tool performance and extending its life, ultimately reducing downtime and

costs related to frequent tool replacement. This kind of analysis helps in refining

operational parameters to achieve better accuracy and higher productivity in precision

machining operations.

Alfian Achmad Nuryanto, Yasinta Sindy Pramesti

Journal Indonesian Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4032

Figure 2

Results of measuring the initial length and final length of the chisel

Figure 2 illustrates the HSS tool wear across RPMs of 700, 900, and 1200 in three

distinct experiments. Experiment 1 exhibited a notable increase in wear, escalating from

0.6 mm/rev at 700 RPM to 1.4 mm/rev at 900 RPM. In contrast, Experiment 2 recorded

the highest wear rate of 1.0 mm/rev at 700 RPM, followed by a decrease at 900 RPM,

and a slight increase again at 1200 RPM. Experiment 3 presented a steady increase in

wear, starting at 0.8 mm/rev at 700 RPM and reaching 1.2 mm/rev at 1200 RPM.

These variations highlight the complex relationship between RPM and tool wear,

indicating that while higher speeds generally lead to increased wear, other factors such as

feed rate and tool geometry also influence the outcomes. Understanding these dynamics

is crucial for optimizing cutting parameters in the machining industry, as effective

management of tool wear can significantly enhance product quality and production

efficiency.

Following this, the results of the AFNOR 07-05-04-04-02 steel roughness testing

provide additional insights into the surface quality achieved during the turning process at

the tested RPMs of 700, 900, and 1200. These roughness measurements are essential for

evaluating the effectiveness of the machining parameters used, and they serve as an

indicator of the overall performance of the cutting tools employed during the process. The

correlation between tool wear and surface roughness will be discussed further, shedding

light on the implications for quality control in manufacturing practices.

Table 3

Average roughness at 700 pm

0,5

1,5

700rpm 900rpm 1200rpm

Wear (mm/rev)

HSS CHISEL LENGTH GRAPH

percobaan 3

percobaan 2

percobaan 1

TOOL

RPM

AFNOR STEEL ROUGHNESS

07-05-04-04-02

5,430134

9,882669

2,693687

10,98367

700

3,155

8,520657

2,831647

8,500333

2,626

6,957

3,309

6,961313

Average

3,737045

8,453442

2,944778

8,815105

Effect of Material on Lathe Rotation at HSS (High-Speed Steel) M42 Tool Cutting Tool Wear

Level

Journal Indonesian Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4033

The surface roughness test presented in Table 3 reveals significant insights into the

machining performance at 700 RPM, utilizing a 1 mm depth of cut and a 0.09 mm feed

rate. The average values of Ra at 3.737045 µm, Rz at 8.453442 µm, Rq at 2.944778 µm,

and Rt at 8.815105 µm indicate a relatively smooth surface finish, which is crucial for

components requiring high precision and low friction. These metrics are essential for

assessing the effectiveness of the machining parameters and ensuring that the final

product meets the desired specifications. Additionally, maintaining optimal surface

roughness levels can enhance the durability and performance of the machined

components, reducing wear during subsequent operations and improving overall

reliability in various industrial applications. This data underscores the importance of

continuous monitoring and adjustment of cutting parameters to achieve the best possible

outcomes in precision machining.

Table 4

Average Roughness at 900 pm

TOOL

RPM

AFNOR STEEL

ROUGHNESS 07-05-04-04-

2,139

3,987323

2,816

3,780466

900

2,535467

5,898

2,804

4,986

2,458667

4,778667

2,361867

4,69

Average

2,377711

4,887996667

2,660622333

4,485488667

The surface roughness test results in Table 4 demonstrate the impact of machining

parameters at 900 RPM, with a 1 mm depth of cut and a 0.09 mm feed rate. The average

roughness values of Ra at 2.377711 µm, Rz at 4.887997 µm, Rq at 2.660622 µm, and Rt

at 4.485489 µm indicate an improvement in surface quality compared to the results at 700

RPM. This suggests that the optimized parameters used at this RPM effectively reduce

tool wear while enhancing surface finish. The lower roughness values highlight the

potential for achieving finer surface characteristics, which are crucial for applications

requiring high precision and excellent aesthetic quality. Moreover, these findings

emphasize the significance of adjusting spindle speed, as it directly influences machining

efficiency and the final surface integrity. Thus, manufacturers can benefit from

understanding these relationships to optimize their processes, ensuring that products meet

stringent quality standards and performance requirements.

Table 5

Average Roughness at 1200 pm

TOOL

RPM

AFNOR STEEL

ROUGHNESS 07-05-04-04-

3,312363

8,698067

3,812

6,861637

1200

6,923

19,80113

6,832313

21,41333

2,936333

6,915233

3,519

7,764

Alfian Achmad Nuryanto, Yasinta Sindy Pramesti

Journal Indonesian Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4034

Average

4,390565

11,80481

4,721104

12,012989

The surface roughness test results presented in Table 5 illustrate the challenges

associated with higher machining speeds, specifically at 1200 RPM. The measured values

of Ra at 4.390565 µm, Rz at 11.80481 µm, Rq at 4.721104 µm, and Rt at 12.012989 µm

indicate a decline in surface quality compared to the lower RPMs. This increase in

roughness highlights the adverse effects of elevated speeds, which tend to exacerbate tool

wear and impact the finish of the machined surface. As spindle speed increases, the heat

generated can lead to thermal softening of the material, further contributing to poor

surface integrity. (Wibowo et al., 2021).

Moreover, these findings emphasize the critical importance of selecting appropriate

cutting parameters. Manufacturers must find a balance between speed and surface quality

to ensure optimal machining performance. This data not only assists in understanding the

wear mechanisms at play but also guides the optimization of machining strategies to

achieve desired surface characteristics while maintaining tool longevity. Therefore,

continuous monitoring and adjustment of RPM, feed rate, and depth of cut are essential

for enhancing overall machining efficiency and product quality in industrial applications.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research underscores the critical relationship between spindle

speed (RPM), tool wear, and surface roughness in the machining of HSS materials. The

findings indicate that as RPM increases, not only does tool wear become more

pronounced, but surface finish quality also deteriorates, with significant implications for

manufacturing processes. Specifically, at higher RPMs, the tool wear observed was

substantial, with measurements indicating a weight loss of up to 1.0 grams at 900 RPM,

highlighting the need for careful management of cutting conditions to minimize wear and

maintain tool effectiveness. Furthermore, the results emphasize that surface roughness is

directly correlated with tool wear, illustrating that as tool integrity decreases, the quality

of the machined surface suffers. The average Ra value of 4.390565 µm at 1200 RPM

starkly contrasts with the smoother finish of 2.944778 µm at 700 RPM, demonstrating

the importance of selecting appropriate rotational speeds.

The variations in surface roughness metrics, including Ra, Rz, Rq, and Rt, reveal

that optimizing cutting parameters is essential for achieving desired surface quality and

operational efficiency. This research serves as a valuable reference for industries engaged

in precision machining, offering insights that can lead to improved production outcomes

and enhanced product performance. Future studies may further explore the interplay of

additional factors, such as feed rate and material characteristics, to develop a

comprehensive understanding of their impacts on machining processes.

Effect of Material on Lathe Rotation at HSS (High-Speed Steel) M42 Tool Cutting Tool Wear

Level

Journal Indonesian Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2024 4035

Bibliography

Demmanggasa, Y., Sabilaturrizqi, M., Kasnawati, K., Mardikawati, B., Ramli, A., &

Arifin, N. Y. (2023). Digitalisasi pendidikan: akselerasi literasi digital pelajar

melalui eksplorasi teknologi pendidikan. Community Development Journal: Jurnal

Pengabdian Masyarakat, 4(5), 11158–11167.

Fitriyadi, H. (2013). Integrasi teknologi informasi komunikasi dalam pendidikan: potensi

manfaat, masyarakat berbasis pengetahuan, pendidikan nilai, strategi implementasi

dan pengembangan profesional. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Dan Kejuruan,

21(3).

Halim, A. (2022). Signifikansi dan Implementasi Berpikir Kritis dalam Proyeksi Dunia

Pendidikan Abad 21 Pada Tingkat Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial

Teknologi, 3(03), 404–418. https://doi.org/10.59141/jist.v3i03.385

Hartanto, O. K. I. B. (2019). Karakteristik Kekasaran Permukaan Pemesinan Bubut

Material Baja St-37 Dengan Variasi Parameter Pemesinan Dan Geometri Pahat.

NURYANTO, A. A. (2024). Pengaruh Material Terhadap Putaran Mesin Bubut Pada

Tingkat Keausan Alat Potong Pahat Hss (High Speed Steel) M42.

Rahmananda, T., Haryadi, R., & Darma, Y. (2024). Kemampuan pemahaman matematis

melalui inovasi video pembelajaran berbasis model problem based learning.

Mathema: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(1), 90–102.

Singh, R., Singh, R. P., Tyagi, M., & Kataria, R. (2019). Investigation of dimensional

deviation in wire EDM of M42 HSS using cryogenically treated brass wire.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 25(xxxx), 679–685.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.028

Singla, A., & Singh, T. (2016). Optimization of Process Parameters on CNC Turning.

6(2), 238–243.

Wibowo, T. J., Hidayatullah, T. S., & Nalhadi, A. (2021). Analisa Perawatan pada Mesin

Bubut dengan Pendekatan Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM). Jurnal

Rekayasa Industri (JRI), 3(2), 110–120.

Wiprayana, I. P. G. F. A., & Sujana, I. W. (2024). Analisis Keausan Pahat HSS (High

Speed Steel) dan Kekasaran Hasil Pembubutan Baja ST 42. Jurnal Mesin Material

Manufaktur Dan Energi, 4(1), 5–9.