p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No. 7 July 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3290

Work Accident Risk Control in Road Construction Projects

with the Hiradc Approach

Wina Marliana

1*

, Sheila Amalia Salma

2

, Bela Pitria Hakim

3

Universitas Telkom, Indonesia

Email:

[email protected]

1*

, [email protected]

2

,

[email protected]

3

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Keywords: OSH,

occupational accidents,

construction, hired, risk

control.

Construction projects are a field of work with a high risk of

work accidents. CV XYZ, a construction service company,

often experiences work accidents on highway projects.

These work accidents are caused by human negligence,

substandard materials, and inadequate occupational safety

and health (OSH) implementation methods. Based on these

problems, this study aims to design work accident risk

control at CV XYZ to reduce and prevent work accidents on

road construction projects. The design of occupational safety

and health (OSH) control is carried out by conducting risk

analysis on road construction project activities through the

HIRADC (Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and

Determining Control) approach and designing

improvements to the occupational safety and health (OSH)

control business process. The design of OSH risk control

created in this study aims to implement risk control and

reduce the risk of work accidents in the company.

Introduction

Construction projects are a field of work with a high risk of work accidents, this is due to

the prevalence of unsafe behavior and unsafe working conditions during the implementation of

construction projects (Alfiansah, Kurniawan, & Ekawati, 2020). Based on data compiled by the

Construction Development of the Ministry of Public Works and Spatial Planning in 2019, there

were 130,923 work accidents. Construction projects in Indonesia have the highest number of work

accidents, so measures are needed to ensure Occupational Safety and Health (K3). OSH in the

construction sector is an integral part of the organizational management system in public works,

which aims to control OSH risks in various construction activities (Ihsan, Hamidi, & Putri, 2020).

The construction sector is one of the sectors that contributes the highest and most fatal work

accidents in the case of work accidents (Askarno & Nendi, 2023). Based on data from the Ministry

of Public Works of the Republic of Indonesia, the construction sector and the manufacturing

industry are the largest contributors to work accidents in Indonesia, at 32% (Sugiyanto & Thoif,

2023). The following is data on work accident cases in various industrial sectors in 2022 based

on the fatal rate recorded by BPJS Ketenagakerjaan:

Work Accident Risk Control in Road Construction Projects with the Hiradc Approach

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3291

Work accidents are caused by the existence of unsafe conditions, which refer to

physical environmental factors that have the potential to cause accidents, such as unsafe

machinery, inadequate lighting, ineffective use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),

the presence of oily floors, and so on (Umam & Abdurokhim, 2023). In addition,

dangerous acts (unsafe acts) are also causes, which include behaviors or actions that can

cause accidents, such as negligence, non-compliance in using personal protective

equipment, and so on. These factors can be caused by health problems, visual

impairments, diseases, anxiety levels, and lack of knowledge related to work processes

and how to work. Based on statistical data, 85% of work accidents in Indonesia are caused

by dangerous acts (unsafe acts), while 15% are caused by dangerous conditions (unsafe

conditions).

In this study, the author conducted research on a company engaged in construction.

In the course of the project, the company still causes work accidents every year. Work

accidents on CV XYZ are caused by several factors, including worker negligence, the use

of non-standard materials, and inadequate construction implementation methods.

Although the company has provided personal protective equipment (PPE), many workers

do not comply with and implement the occupational safety and health management

system (SMK3). In the process of work, CV XYZ uses a lot of heavy equipment and

involves many workers, so many risk factors cause work accidents. Work accidents that

often occur in this company are in highway construction projects.

Research Methods

The research method used, namely HIRADC (Hazard Identification, Risk

Assessment, and Determining Control) is a process to identify, measure, and assess

hazard risks that can occur in routine and non-routine activities in the company (Cholil,

Santoso, T RIZA, Sinulingga, & Nasution, 2020). The results of the risk assessment are

used to create a hazard control program so that the company can minimize the risks that

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Konstruksi

Transportasi dan Pergudangan

Layanan Profesional dan Bisnis

Pertanian, Kehutanan, Perikanan,…

Manufaktur

Pelayanan Kesehatan

Perdagangan

Pendidikan

Lainnya

Total Number of Work Accident Cases

Industrial Sector 2022

Wina Marliana, Sheila Amalia Salma, Bela Pitria Hakim

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3292

may occur and prevent work accidents (Pamungkas, 2021). The steps of the identification

process using the HIRADC method are:

1. Hazard Identification (Identifikasi Bahaya)

Hazard identification is a stage carried out to identify all activities that have the

potential to cause accidents or occupational diseases that may occur in the construction

industry sector (Mawardani & Herbawani, 2022). There are several ways to identify a

hazard. Some of these ways are direct interviews with the company, workplace

observations, discussions, reviews about the company's K3, K3 rules or regulations, and

literature studies on K3. According to (Mawardani & Herbawani, 2022). Some ways that

can be done to identify potential occupational hazards in the workplace are: Checking and

analyzing accidents, injuries, and near misses.

Consultation with workers

2. Risk Assessment (Penilaian Risiko)

Risk assessment is a step in analyzing and evaluating the extent of the level of risk,

assessing the feasibility of accepting risks within the company, and compiling and

evaluating the risk control measures required by the company. The level of risk in the

work environment can be calculated by multiplying how often the risk occurs (likelihood)

by the resulting severity (severity) (Ermiyati, Fakhri, & Hockiana, 2021). The following

are the likelihood and severity criteria used:

Scale

Criterion

Qualitative Description

Quantitative

Description

1

Rare

Conceivable but not only in

extreme circumstances

Less than 1 time per

10 years

2

Possible

Occurrence

It hasn't happened yet but

can appear/happen at some

time

Occurs 1 time per 10

years

3

Can Happen

It should have happened

and may have happened

here or elsewhere

1 time per 5 years to 1

time per year

4

Frequent

Occurrence

Can happen easily,

appearing in the most

common circumstances

More than 1 time per

year to 1 time per

month

5

Almost

Certain to

Happen

It occurs frequently, it is

expected to appear in the

circumstances that occur the

most.

More than 1 time per

month

After determining the value of severity and likelihood, calculations are carried out

to determine the level of risk. The following is a description of the matrix of risk

assessment:

Work Accident Risk Control in Road Construction Projects with the Hiradc Approach

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3293

Likelihood

Severity (consequence)

Insignificant

Small

Keep

Tall

Extreme

1

2

3

4

5

Almost Certain to

Happen

5

T

And

Frequent Occurrence

4

S

T

And

Can Happen

3

R

S

T

And

Kadang

2

R

S

T

And

Very Rare

1

R

S

T

With the caption:

1. E: Extreme, Activities or work should be postponed or stopped until the risk is

successfully reduced. If risk reduction is not possible with limited resources, then the

work should not be carried out.

2. Q: High, Activities or work should not be continued until the risk is successfully

reduced. Resources allocated to mitigate risk need to be carefully considered. If a risk

arises in the ongoing work, immediate action must be taken.

3. S: Moderate, Measures are required to reduce the risk, but the necessary preventive

costs must be carefully calculated and limited. Measurement of the success rate of risk

reduction must be carried out within the specified time frame.

4. R: Low, Risk is at a tolerable level, so no additional control is needed. Regular

monitoring needs to be carried out to ensure that the control that has been implemented

is maintained and carried out effectively.

Determining control

Risk control can be carried out in various ways, one of which is by using a control

hierarchy approach. The control hierarchy is a systematic approach to controlling risks in

order from the most effective level of control to the lowest level of control (Ihsan et al.,

2020). The control hierarchy consists of five levels, namely elimination (efforts to

eliminate sources of danger from the workplace), Substitution (efforts to replace

hazardous materials or processes with safer materials or processes), and Engineering

(efforts to control risks by using engineering techniques). Engineering can be in the form

of modification or addition of work equipment or facilities to reduce the risk of work

accidents or occupational diseases), administrative control (efforts to control the risk of

work accidents by using work regulations or procedures), and the use of personal

protective equipment (PPE) which is equipment used by workers to protect themselves

from hazards when carrying out a work/project at the workplace.

Results and Discussion

In the results of this study, a discussion was carried out on the risk control of work

accidents using the HIRADC method to analyze potential hazards, risk assessment, and

Wina Marliana, Sheila Amalia Salma, Bela Pitria Hakim

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3294

control, and recommendations for improvement from the results of risk assessment and

control were described.

Risk Analysis With Hiradc

1. Hazard Identification (Identifikasi Potensi Bahaya)

Hazard identification is a stage carried out to identify all activities that have the

potential to cause accidents or occupational diseases that may occur in the construction

industry sector (Mawardani & Herbawani, 2022). There are several ways to identify a

hazard. Some of these ways are direct interviews with the company, workplace

observations, discussions, reviews about the company's K3, K3 rules or regulations, and

literature studies on K3. In this study, hazard identification was obtained from the results

of interviews with workers and safety officers in the company. The following are the

results of the identification of risk hazards of road construction projects:

No

Stages of

Work

Activities

Potential Hazards

Risk

1

Preparation

Stage

Mobilizatio

n of project

needs

(equipment

and

materials)

to the

project site

Traffic accidents

Workers hit

bydaraa and

injured

Hit by objects

(concrete, steel,

stairs)

Injured and

injured

Tripping and

falling due to road

conditions

(slippery and

messy)

Workers

sustained minor

injuries

Injured

Clearing of

land or

project area

Hit by sharp

objects (gravel,

asphalt blocks)

Respiratory distress

due to traffic dust

Shortness of

breath

Road

traction

measureme

nt

Traffic accidents

Workers were

hit by vehicles

and sustained

injuries.

Work Accident Risk Control in Road Construction Projects with the Hiradc Approach

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3295

No

Stages of

Work

Activities

Potential Hazards

Risk

Tripping and

falling due to road

conditions

(slippery and

messy)

Workers are

injured (light

and severe)

Road

boundary

marking

and

installation

of stakes

Traffic accidents

Falling and

injuring

2

Implementatio

n Stage

Excavation

and

disposal of

soil

Falling from a

height (landslide)

Workers with

broken bones

Stumbling and

falling due to wet,

slippery, and

uneven conditions

in the project area

Workers

sustained minor

injuries.

Paving the

road

Exposure to

hazardous

materials (asphalt

and fuel oil)

Injured and

blistered skin

Tripping and

falling due to

messy and slippery

environmental

conditions

Workers are

injured

Installation

of road

structures

(Installatio

n

Hit by an object

(concrete block)

Workers with

moderate

injuries

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3296

No

Stages of

Work

Activities

Potential Hazards

Risk

drainage

channels,

installation

of traffic

signs)

Stumbling and

falling due to the

messy and slippery

conditions of the

project area

Workers

sustained minor

injuries

Paving

Exposed to asphalt

fragments

Blistered skin

Injured by manual

tools (hot asphalt

mixer)

Injured hand

2. Risk Assessment

Then the second stage after identifying the hazard is to conduct a risk assessment

as an evaluation stage of the risks that arise (Abdurokhim, 2024). This stage is carried out

to find out the risk and risk level of each activity. The criteria used in this stage are

calculated by multiplying how often the risk occurs (likelihood) by the severity produced

(severity) (Ermiyati et al., 2021). The following are the results of the risk assessment of

road construction project activities based on hazard identification that has been carried

out previously:

No

Work

Activities

Potential

Hazards

Risk

L

S

Skoring

Level

Risk

1

Mobilization

of project

needs

(equipment

and

materials) to

the project

site

Traffic

accidents

Workers

were hit

by

vehicles

and

sustained

injuries

2

3

6

Keep

Hit by

objects

(concrete,

steel,

stairs)

Injured

and

injured

2

3

6

Keep

Work Accident Risk Control in Road Construction Projects with the Hiradc Approach

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3297

Tripping

and

falling

due to

road

conditions

(slippery

and

messy)

Workers

sustained

minor

injuries

4

3

12

Tall

2

Clearing of

land or

project area

Exposed

to sharp

objects/m

aterials

(gravel,

asphalt

blocks)

Injured

3

2

6

Keep

Respirator

y distress

due to

traffic

dust

Shortness

of breath

3

1

3

Low

3

Road

traction

measurement

Traffic

accidents

Workers

were hit

by

vehicles

and

sustained

injuries

2

3

6

Keep

Tripping

and

falling

due to

road

conditions

(slippery

and

messy)

Workers

are

injured

(light and

severe)

4

2

8

Tall

4

Road

boundary

marking and

installation

of stakes

Traffic

accidents

(being hit

by a

vehicle)

Falling

and

injuring

2

4

Low

Wina Marliana, Sheila Amalia Salma, Bela Pitria Hakim

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3298

5

Excavation

and disposal

of soil

Falling

from a

height

(landslide

)

Workers

with

broken

bones

2

3

6

Keep

Stumbling

and

falling

due to

wet,

slippery,

and

uneven

conditions

in the

project

area

Workers

sustained

minor

injuries

4

3

12

Tall

6

Paving the

road

Exposure

to

hazardous

materials

(asphalt,

concrete

splashes,

fuel oil)

Injured

and

blistered

skin

3

9

Tall

Tripping

and

falling

due to

environm

ental

conditions

messy and

slippery

Workers

are

injured

4

3

12

Tall

7

Installation

of road

structures

(Installation

of drainage

channels,

installation

of traffic

signs)

Hit by an

object

(concrete

block)

Workers

with

moderate

injuries

3

2

6

Keep

Stumbling

and

falling

due to

conditions

Workers

sustained

minor

injuries

4

3

12

Tall

Work Accident Risk Control in Road Construction Projects with the Hiradc Approach

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3299

Based on the results of the risk assessment, several activities have a high level of

risk, namely tripping and falling due to road conditions, exposure to hazardous materials,

exposure to asphalt fragments, and injuries due to manual asphalt mixers. Therefore, to

reduce the value of work accidents, it is necessary to control risks in activities that have

high risks in road construction projects.

3. Determining Control

Messy

and

slippery

project

areas

8

Paving

Exposed

to asphalt

fragments

Blistered

and

injured

skin

4

2

8

Tall

Injured by

manual

tools (hot

asphalt

mixer)

Injured

hand

3

9

Tall

9

Cleaning and

tidying of the

project area

Tripping

and

falling

due to

road

conditions

(slippery

and

messy)

Workers

sustained

minor

injuries

4

2

8

Tall

Exposed

to

material

fragments

(gravel,

asphalt

blocks)

Wounded

and

slashed

3

2

6

Keep

10

Quality

inspection

and testing of

work

Hit by a

vehicle/tr

affic

accident

Workers

are

injured,

or

fractured

2

4

Low

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3300

This stage is an effort to reduce or eliminate risks that can cause work accidents to

occur. The determination of risk control is determined based on a risk assessment. The

control hierarchy and control strategy prioritize the level of possible risk based on their

order, which obtains a greater risk average score (Mahardhika & Pramudyo, 2023). This

study only focuses on determining risk control that has a high level of risk. Risk control

consists of several approaches, namely administrative approaches, technical approaches,

and the use of PPE. The following are the results of the analysis of the control

determination of road construction project activities that have a high level of risk:

Work

Activities

Potential

Hazards

Risk

Treatment

Approach

Mobilization

of project

needs

(equipment

and

material) to

the project site

Tripping and

falling due to

road

conditions

(slippery and

messy)

Workers

sustained

minor injuries

and severe

injuries

Planning SOPs

(Standard Operating

Procedures) on OSH

risk management

Administrativ

e Control

Road traction

measurement

Identifying hazards

(Identification of

hazard risks,

occupational

accident risks, and

their control)

Excavation

and disposal of

soil

Use PPE (footwear,

safety boat, and

gloves) and ensure

the use of PPE by

making a checklist

sheet.

Engineering

Control

Installation of

road structures

(Installation of

drainage

channels,

installation of

traffic signs)

Installing safety signs

warning of slippery

roads and leveling

the road surface

Engineering

Control

Reporting hazards

Conduct supervision

Work Accident Risk Control in Road Construction Projects with the Hiradc Approach

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3301

Work

Activities

Potential

Hazards

Risk

Treatment

Approach

Paving the

road

Exposure to

hazardous

materials

(asphalt,

concrete

splashes, fuel

oil)

Injured and

blistered skin

Sealing and ensuring

hazardous materials

do not come into

contact with workers

(using sealed

containers and

personal protective

equipment)

Engineering

Control

Planning SOPs

(Standard Operating

Procedures) on OSH

risk management

Administrativ

e Control

Create and

implement hazard

identification, risk

assessment, and

control results.

Paving

Exposed to

asphalt

fragments

Blistered, cut,

and injured

skin

Install protective

boards around the

paving area and

warnings regarding

the use of complete

PPE.

Engineering

Control

Planning SOPs

(Standard Operating

Procedures) on OSH

risk management

Administrativ

e Control

Identifying hazards

(Identification of

hazard risks,

occupational

accident risks, and

their control)

Injured by the

asphalt mixer

manual tool

(exposed to

the heat of the

tool, falling

because the

tool is on an

unsuitable

Injured hands,

injuries to the

legs, and

injuries

Limit asphalt

temperature by

installing visual

displays

Engineering

Control

Installing protective

equipment and

ensuring the use of

PPE by making a

checklist sheet

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3302

Work

Activities

Potential

Hazards

Risk

Treatment

Approach

surface rata,

hit by the

stirring device)

Planning SOPs

(Standard Operating

Procedures) on OSH

risk management

Administrativ

e Control

Identifying hazards

(Identification of

hazard risks,

occupational

accident risks, and

their control)

Based on the determining control table above, controls are determined for high-risk

activities. The control carried out can be administrative and technical. Administrative

controls are carried out such as creating and identifying potential hazards and designing

Standard Operating Procedures (P3) for OSH Control. For technical control such as the

use of PPE, installation of safety signs, asphalt temperature restrictions, installation of

protective equipment in the work area, work reporting, and supervision.

Repair Recommendations

Based on the stages of risk analysis using HIRADC, several activities have a high

level of risk. This study focuses on designing improvements to reduce the risk of work

accidents in activities that have a high level of risk. After carrying out the determining

control stage, recommendations for improving risk control for high-risk activities were

obtained. The recommendations for improvement are:

1. Designing Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for K3 Control, which contains the

flow of K3 control business processes.

2. Checklist Sheet for the Use of PPE, which contains instructions for workers to use PPE

and is used as supervision documentation.

3. The Project Area Inspection Checklist Sheet contains things that must be done before

the project starts, such as the stages of cleaning the project area, preparing project

equipment, and others.

4. Safety Sign Installation Checklist Sheet, contains instructions to install hazard signs

during the project to prevent potential hazards that have been identified.

5. The design of the K3 dashboard, in this integrated information system, contains

matters related to Occupational Safety and Health (K3) such as the flow of K3

management business processes, hazard identification formats, checklist sheets,

incident reporting, and guidelines regarding K3.

Conclusion

To reduce work accidents that occur in road construction projects, this study designs

occupational safety and health control by identifying risks through the HIRADC (Hazard

Work Accident Risk Control in Road Construction Projects with the Hiradc Approach

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3303

Identification, Risk Assessment, and Determining Control) approach which produces

hazard identification and risk assessment so that activities with high potential hazards are

known and control is obtained for each activity. In addition to identifying risks, to

carrying out K3 control, business process improvements regarding K3 control are

designed. Based on the results of business process control and improvement, a Standard

Operating Procedure (SOP) for K3 control business processes was also designed, as a

checklist sheet regarding project area inspections, the use of PPE, and the installation of

safety signs in the K3 control stage. The recommendations for improvement that have

been designed are then integrated into a dashboard system so that it is easily accessible to

the company and used as a K3 reporting system for the company.

Wina Marliana, Sheila Amalia Salma, Bela Pitria Hakim

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 2024 3304

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