p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254

Vol. 5, No. 6 June 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2853

Adaptation Strategy of Migrant Crew on Taiwanese Fishing

Vessels

Nur Cholik Widyan Saputra

, Margaretha Hanita

Universitas Indonesia Depok, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

, [email protected].id

*Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Keywords: Crew Of The

Ship, Migrant Workers,

Resilience, Adaptation.

This study aims to analyze the adaptation strategies used by

migrant crew members on Taiwanese fishing vessels in

facing the risks they face. The research's risks include heavy

workloads, hazardous work environments, health, and

forced labor exploitation. The research method used is a

qualitative analysis using primary data from interviews with

seven resource persons who are migrant crew members on

Taiwanese fishing boats. The study results show that migrant

crew members use various adaptation strategies to deal with

the risks they face on fishing boats. These adaptation

strategies include a more effective division of labor, the use

of better technology or equipment to reduce physical

burdens, joining a community of fellow migrant workers,

and the fight for decent work rights. In addition, migrant

crew members also use an adaptation strategy from the

beginning of recruitment by choosing the departure process

through the official route. This research makes an essential

contribution to understanding how migrant crew members

cope with the risks they face on Taiwanese fishing vessels.

The practical implications of this study are the importance

of paying attention to the welfare and work rights of migrant

crew members and expanding understanding of the

importance of adaptation strategies in increasing their

resilience in often challenging and high-risk work

environments.

Introduction

The presence of Indonesian crew members on Taiwanese fishing vessels has

become a striking phenomenon in recent years. Indonesia is one of the largest suppliers

of labor to Taiwan's fishing industry, with thousands of crew members sailing to sea every

year (Aburn, Gott, & Hoare, 2016). This increase in the number of migrant crew members

from Indonesia highlights the importance of understanding the challenges faced in living

life on Taiwanese fishing boats (Bergman, Cummings, & Warmuth, 2016). Although they

leave their homeland in the hope of finding a better livelihood, the reality is that migrant

Nur Cholik Widyan Saputra, Margaretha Hanita

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2854

crew members in Taiwan often face serious problems and risks (Isaacs, Roman, & Savahl,

2019).

Various problems afflict migrant crew members on Taiwanese fishing boats,

covering a broad spectrum ranging from exploitation to inhumane working conditions.

The exploitation of migrant crew members, whether in the form of excessive working

hours, unreasonable wages, or physical and verbal abuse, is often a reflection of the

inequality of power between employers and workers (Maurović, Liebenberg, & Ferić,

2020). Working conditions on Taiwanese fishing vessels are also known to be extremely

dangerous, with migrant crew members exposed to various risks such as work accidents,

physical injuries, and even death. Amid harsh working conditions and isolated

environments, migrant crew members often have difficulty obtaining assistance or

reporting violations they experience (Doyle et al., 2016).

Although many studies have been conducted to solve the problem of migrant crew

members in Taiwan, most of the research tends to focus on macro aspects and government

policies (Park et al., 2021). Existing research tends to highlight issues from a structural

and policy point of view, with little attention paid to solutions that can be applied directly

at the individual or group level of migrant workers (Henry, Sheffield Morris, & Harrist,

2015). The Taiwanese government's efforts to improve the protection of the rights of

migrant crew members through policies and regulations are also limited in addressing this

problem comprehensively (Southwick, Bonanno, Masten, Panter-Brick, & Yehuda,

2014).

Therefore, there is an urgent need to examine the solution to the problem of migrant

crew members from a micro perspective, especially in the context of improving their

resilience and well-being directly on Taiwanese fishing vessels (Wu et al., 2013). By

understanding the factors affecting the strength of migrant crew members and identifying

effective strategies to improve their conditions, we can reduce the risks faced by migrant

crew members and create a safer and more humane working environment for them. This

study aims to investigate in depth the resilience of migrant crew members on Taiwanese

fishing vessels, as well as formulate policy recommendations and practical interventions

to improve their well-being in the long term.

Method

Qualitative research methods will be used to collect data relevant to this study. This

approach allows researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences and

perspectives of migrant crew members on Taiwanese fishing vessels related to their

resilience strategies. This research will involve in-depth interviews with seven resource

persons who are migrant crew members on Taiwanese fishing boats. The selection of

resource persons was carried out using the snowball sampling technique, which allowed

the researcher to identify potential resource persons through the social network of those

already involved in the research. The selected resource persons are crew members who

have had previous experience as migrant crew members on Taiwanese fishing boats, with

priority given to those who are taking care of passports for the second, third, or subsequent

Adaptation Strategy of Migrant Crew on Taiwanese Fishing Vessels

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2855

departures. The snowball sampling technique is carried out by asking for the

recommendations of resource persons to participants who are already involved in the

research, thus allowing the identification of additional resource persons with relevant

experience and insights.

Data will be collected through individual interviews with each interviewee, which

will be conducted with structured interview guidelines to ensure consistency and

completeness of the data. Data collection will be carried out by paying attention to the

principles of research ethics, including the confidentiality and security of information

submitted by the resource persons. Data analysis will be carried out descriptively by

examining the patterns of findings that emerge from the interviews. The data will be

coded to identify the main themes, patterns, and relationships between the various

concepts that arise from the data. Descriptive analysis and coding will allow researchers

to explain and understand migrant crew resilience strategies in more detail.

Results and Discussion

Social Demography of Resource Persons

This study interviewed seven resource persons who worked as crew members on

Taiwanese fishing boats. All speakers are men. The age of the speakers varied from 24 to

42 years old. The average age of the resource persons was 32 years old. My experience

working as a fishing boat crew member in Taiwan varies from 2 years to 11 years. The

types of boats used by the resource persons also varied, namely squid boats (1 person),

layur boats (1 person), badong boats (2 people), trawl boats (1 person), and fishing boats

(2 people). Most speakers are married (6 people), and the rest (1 person) are not.

Table 1

Demographic Data of Resource Persons

Initial Name

Age

Asal

I spent a long

time in Taiwan

Types of Fishing Vessels

Gebang

11 Years

Trawl Ship

Cirebon

5 Years

Ship Badong (Kepiting)

Pemalang

2 Years

Fishing Boats

Tegal

6 Years

Ship Badong (Kepiting)

Cirebon

6 Years

Fishing Boats

Cilacap

2 Years

Kapal Layur

Indramayu

5 Years

Squid Ship

Risks Faced by Migrant Crew Members

Migrant crew members working on Taiwanese fishing vessels face a range of

significant risks that can affect their well-being and safety in a harsh and high-risk work

environment. First, risks related to difficult working conditions are one of the main

challenges for migrant crew members. They are often exposed to long working hours and

strenuous physical tasks, such as catching and processing fish, unloading, or maintaining

boat equipment. This high workload can lead to significant physical fatigue and increase

the risk of work injuries such as muscle, bone, or joint injuries. Second, safety and health

are essential concerns for migrant crew members. The working environment at sea can

Nur Cholik Widyan Saputra, Margaretha Hanita

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2856

be high-risk, with the potential for ship accidents, work accidents, or exposure to

hazardous chemicals. In addition, poor weather conditions at sea can also endanger the

safety of migrant crew members, especially when carrying out tasks on the ship's deck.

The long-term impact of this exposure can negatively impact the physical and mental

health of migrant crew members, as well as affect their overall quality of life.

In addition to physical risks, social isolation is also a significant problem for

migrant crew members on Taiwanese fishing boats. They are often separated from their

family, friends, and society during long periods at sea. This isolation can lead to mental

health problems such as depression, anxiety, or psychological stress. Limited access to

social support and mental health services in the middle of the ocean can also exacerbate

the impact of this social isolation. Third, the risk of exploitation and human rights

violations is also a severe concern for migrant crew members. Some crew members may

face unfair working conditions, including forced labor, physical or verbal abuse, or

injustice in paying wages or working conditions. In addition, there is also a risk of sexual

exploitation or human trafficking that can threaten the safety and welfare of migrant crew

members on fishing vessels.

Fourth, legal and legal issues are additional risk factors that migrant crew members

must face. Unclear or unfair employment contracts, as well as uncertainty of immigration

status, can increase their vulnerability to exploitation or human rights violations. In

addition, limited access to the justice system or legal aid can also make it difficult for

migrant crew members to pursue their rights or obtain proper legal protection. Finally,

risks related to climate change and environmental conditions must also be considered.

Climate change can increase the intensity of severe weather, such as hurricanes or high

waves, which can jeopardize the safety of the ship and crew on board. Exposure to toxic

waste or marine pollution can also hurt the physical and ecological health of migrant crew

members and sustainable marine resources. As such, a deep understanding of these risks

is critical in designing intervention strategies to improve the well-being, safety, and

resilience of migrant crew members on Taiwanese fishing vessels.

Protection Factors Owned by Migrant Crew Members

In overcoming the risks and challenges that come with it, various protection factors

can increase the likelihood of migrant crew members working on Taiwanese fishing

vessels to remain strong and adapt positively. One of the most critical protection factors

is social support. Social support provided by fellow crew members, family, friends, or co-

workers on board can provide significant emotional, practical, and informational

resources for migrant crew members. This support can be in the form of emotional support

in the form of moral, moral, passionate, or friendship support, as well as practical support

in the form of help in completing tasks or overcoming daily problems. In addition, social

support can also provide access to helpful information or advice in dealing with difficult

situations. By having strong social support, migrant crew members can feel more

supported and emotionally connected, which can help them cope with the stress and

pressure they may face on board.

Adaptation Strategy of Migrant Crew on Taiwanese Fishing Vessels

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2857

In addition to social support, practical coping skills are an essential protection factor

for migrant crew members. Coping skills refer to an individual's ability to manage stress,

overcome challenges, and adjust to changes in the environment or difficult situations.

This includes strategies such as problem-solving, emotional regulation, or seeking

support when needed. By having good coping skills, migrant crew members can cope

with stress or problems more effectively, reduce the negative impact on their well-being,

and maintain a high level of functioning in a high-risk work environment.

In addition, good adaptability is also a critical protection factor for migrant crew

members. The ability to adapt quickly and flexibly to changes in working conditions or

assigned tasks can help them stay effective and productive on Taiwanese fishing vessels.

Good adaptation allows migrant crew members to continue to function optimally in the

face of changing situations at sea. It reduces the risk of stress or tension due to uncertainty

or environmental changes.

In addition, the mastery of knowledge and skills related to working on fishing boats

can also be a significant protection factor for migrant crew members. Migrant crew

members with good knowledge and skills related to their work tasks have an advantage

in overcoming challenges or risks they may face on board. Mastering the necessary

knowledge and skills increases their efficiency and productivity and can reduce the risk

of injury or failure in carrying out their duties.

Finally, access to support resources such as health services, legal aid, or social

services is also a critical protection factor for migrant crew members. Access to these

resources can help them overcome any problems or crises that may arise in their work

environment and provide the protection and support needed in difficult situations. By

having access to adequate support resources, migrant crew members can feel safer and

supported, which in turn can assist them in maintaining well-being and resilience on

Taiwanese fishing vessels. Thus, these protective factors are essential in helping migrant

crew members remain resilient and adaptive in harsh and high-risk work environments.

Vulnerabilities in Migrant Crew Members

Migrant crew members on Taiwanese fishing vessels face a variety of

vulnerabilities that affect their well-being and safety in a harsh and high-risk work

environment. First, vulnerability to physical health is a significant concern for migrant

crew members. They are exposed to harsh working conditions and marine environments,

which can increase the risk of bodily injury due to work accidents or discomfort caused

by prolonged exposure to environmental elements such as extreme temperatures or severe

weather at sea. Physical injuries such as burns, cuts, or back injuries often occur as a result

of strenuous physical tasks such as catching and processing fish, unloading, or caring for

boat equipment. Second, vulnerability to mental health is a severe concern for migrant

crew members. An isolated work environment, high work pressure, and uncertainty of

working conditions can increase the risk of mental health problems such as depression,

anxiety, or psychological stress in migrant crew members. Social isolation and the

inability to access adequate mental health services on board can also exacerbate this

vulnerability.

Nur Cholik Widyan Saputra, Margaretha Hanita

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2858

Furthermore, vulnerability to exploitation and human rights violations are also

significant concerns. Migrant crew members can be vulnerable to exploitation and human

rights violations such as forced labor, physical or verbal abuse, or injustice in the payment

of wages or working conditions. Some crew members may even experience human

trafficking or situations that are close to modern slavery. Their inability to obtain adequate

legal protection or access relief services can leave them vulnerable to adverse exploitation

and challenging to escape from a situation of concern. Third, vulnerability to social

isolation is a significant problem. Migrant crew members often experience social isolation

due to being separated from their families, friends, and communities during long periods

at sea. This isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness, depression, or anxiety, as well as

increase the risk of mental health problems and overall emotional well-being.

Fourth, vulnerability to legal and legal issues is an additional risk factor that migrant

crew members must face. Unclear employment contracts, uncertainty of immigration

status, or limited access to the justice system can increase the vulnerability of migrant

crew members to legal and legal issues. They may need help in asserting their rights or

obtaining proper legal protection in difficult situations or conflicts that arise in the

workplace. Finally, migrant crew members can also experience vulnerability to economic

problems, including low wages, high debt, or job uncertainty. Difficulties in generating

sufficient income or managing their finances can make them vulnerable to poverty,

financial instability, or exploitation by unscrupulous parties. Thus, understanding these

vulnerabilities is critical in designing intervention strategies to improve the welfare,

safety, and resilience of migrant crew on Taiwanese fishing vessels.

Adaptation Strategy for Migrant Crew Members

In this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the adaptation strategies used

by Taiwanese migrant crew members to deal with the risks they face on fishing boats.

The study focused on four main risks: heavy workloads, a dangerous work environment,

health risks, and forced labor exploitation.

First, the risk of heavy workloads is one of the main challenges faced by migrant

crew members. The indicators include long working hours, heavy physical tasks,

damaged ship conditions, and minimal rest facilities. In the face of these risks, migrant

crew members tend to use adaptation strategies such as more effective division of labor,

the use of better technology or equipment to reduce physical burden, and striving to fight

for their rights regarding working hours and decent working conditions.

Second, the risk of a dangerous work environment is also a severe concern in this

study. Indicators include marine disasters such as extreme weather and large wave storms,

poor ship conditions, and lack of health facilities and safety equipment. To address these

risks, migrant crew members can use adaptation strategies such as increasing awareness

of weather conditions and the marine environment, strengthening safety knowledge and

skills, and actively participating in emergency training and simulations (Zautra,

Arewasikporn, & Davis, 2010).

Third, health risks are also an essential concern in this study. The indicators include

the need for more health facilities, limited food resources, shabby bedroom conditions,

Adaptation Strategy of Migrant Crew on Taiwanese Fishing Vessels

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2859

poor ventilation, bad weather, and social isolation due to being far from family. Migrant

crew members can use adaptation strategies such as maintaining personal hygiene and the

work environment, maintaining a healthy diet, and sharing experiences and support with

fellow migrant crew members to cope with stress and social isolation.

Fourth, the risk of forced labor exploitation is a severe issue in this study. Indicators

include working more than the regulated working hours, being forced to work

continuously, and being threatened with verbal and physical violence. To deal with these

risks, migrant crew members must use adaptation strategies such as forming solidarity

and unity among fellow migrant crew members, reporting exploitation practices to the

authorities, and seeking help from institutions or organizations that care about workers'

rights.

Table 2

Risk Analysis, Protection, Vulnerability, and Adaptation Strategies of Migrant Crew on

Taiwanese Fishing Vessels

Risk

Protection Factor

Vulnerability

Adaptation Strategies

Heavy

Workload:-

Long Working

Hours

- Heavy

Physical Tasks

(Fishing,

Processing Fish,

Preparing Nets

And Fishing

Gear, Loading

And Unloading,

Maintaining

The Boat,

Cleaning The

Ship's

Propellers)

- Fishing Gear

Is Damaged

- Lack Of

Facilities For

Rest

1. Setting A

Balanced

Work

Schedule

And

Getting

Enough

Rest

2. Supervisio

n Of

Working

Conditions

Manageme

- Training On

Safe And

Ergonomic

Working

Techniques

1. Imbalance

Between

Workloa

d And

Downti

2. Lack Of

Support

From

Manage

ment In

Maintai

ning

Work-

Life

Balance

3. Lack Of

Appropr

iate

Equipm

ent Or

Facilitie

s To

Reduce

The

Risk Of

Injury

- Lack Of

Understandi

ng Of

Engineering

Kerja Yang

Aman

1. Ensuring A

Rotation Of

Work

Schedules

That Allows

For Adequate

Rest And

Recovery

2. Prioritizing

Personal

Health And

Well-Being

Outside Of

Working

Hours

- Ensure The Use

Of Ergonomic

Work Techniques

And The Use Of

Appropriate Aids

To Reduce

Physical Load

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2860

- Sleep

Disorders

Or Irregular

Sleep

Patterns

Hazardous

Work

Environment:

- Marine

Disasters

(Storms, Large

Waves, Extreme

Weather)

- Poor

Condition Of

The Ship

(Leaks, Worn

Engines,

Shabby,

Cramped

Bedrooms, Poor

Ventilation)

- Minimal

Health Facilities

On Board

- Broken

Fishing Gear

- Inadequate

Safety

Equipment (To

Prevent Fire

And Explosion)

- Quality

Occupational

Safety Training

- Supervision Of

Working

Conditions By

Management

- Use Of

Appropriate Safety

Equipment

- Extreme

Weather

Conditions And

Rapid Weather

Changes

- Potentially

Hazardous Sea

Conditions

- Lack Of

Access To

Sanitation

Equipment

- Lack Of

Understanding

Of Safe

Working

Techniques

- Ensure That All

Work Safety

Equipment Is

Available And In

Good Working Order

- Conduct Regular

Training On

Emergency Measures

On Board

- Conduct Regular

Inspections Of Safety

Conditions On Board

Health:

- Minimal

Health Facilities

On Board

- Limited Food

Resources

- Shabby

Bedrooms, Poor

Ventilation

- Heavy

Workloads,

Long Working

Hours

- Extreme

Weather

- Social

Isolation (Away

From Family,

Friends, and

Community),

- Knowledge Of

Marine Diseases

And Their

Prevention

- Education And

Training On Health

And Hygiene

- Stress And

Fatigue Due To

A Harsh Work

Environment

- Limited

Access To

Health

Information

- Using Protective

Equipment

- Strive To Set A

Balanced Work

Schedule Between

Work Time And Rest

Time

- Implementing

Stress Management

Strategies

- Ensures A Healthy

Diet

- Strive To Maintain

A Regular And

Quality Sleep Pattern

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2861

Shabby

Bedrooms, Poor

Ventilation

- Heavy

Workloads,

Long Working

Hours

- Extreme

Weather

- Social

Isolation (Away

From Family,

Friends,

Community)

Exploitation

And Forced

Labor:

- Work Beyond

Contract

- Forced To

Work

Continuously

- Threatened

With Verbal Or

Physical

Violence

- Social Support

From Fellow Crew

Members And

Families

- Good Supervision

And Protection On

Board

- Access To Social

And Legal

Protection Services

- Economic

Limitations

- Social

Isolation

Because It Is In

The Middle Of

The Sea, So Far

From

Supervision

Illegal

Employment

Status

1. Choosing A

Reputable

Distributor

2. Establishing

A Support

Network

Between

Crew

Members

3. Increasing

Knowledge

Employment

Rights And

Protection

- Follow The

Official Path

Based on the results of interviews with the speakers, information was obtained that

there are two types of work on Taiwanese fishing vessels based on the validity of

departure procedures: official procedures (legal) and unofficial procedures (illegal).

Migrant crew members usually refer to those who work through official procedures as

Local ABK / Local Job / Local Ship, while those who work through unofficial procedures

are called LG ABK / LG Job / LG Ship. Local ABKs, usually also called ABK-Official,

work in Taiwan by following official procedures; their salary is paid in NTD (New

Taiwan Dollar), and they have an ARC (Alien Resident Certificate) and Askes. The

placement of Local Crew members is regulated in the P to P scheme (between PT in

Indonesia and Taiwan Agency). Meanwhile, LG crew members are crew members who

work non-procedurally using a letter of guarantee, sail in international waters on

Taiwanese-flagged ships, generally depart using a visit visa, are not registered with the

Ministry of Manpower, BP2M1, KDEI in Taipei or the Taiwanese government, low

salary, vulnerable to exploitation, and no guarantee of workers' rights. The placement

procedure for LG crew members is not according to regulations in Indonesia related to

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2862

the placement and protection of migrant workers abroad. Their placement is only from a

work contract and is usually only signed by the crew and the ship owner without an

endorsement from the Indonesian Representative.

The speakers explained that the stress levels faced by Local ABK and LG ABK

are very different. Working conditions, working hours, time the ship sails at sea,

protection of crew rights and salaries received, and salary payment mechanisms are very

different. The resource person with the initials JN, who has been working as a crew

member in Taiwan for six years, explained. "For months, most of the LG ships. Suppose

I can not come to Taiwan if I get a job on an LG ship. Indeed, the cost is free, the departure

process is easy and fast, and the salary is paid cheaply. The risk, naudzubillahimindalik,

if there is an accident, you can't get insurance; it's different if it's official if we have an

accident and there is a disaster, we can apply for insurance, you can. Then, if LG doesn't

hold a salary, the salary is directly transferred to the family. The one who receives the

salary is the family at home. If it is official, the salary will be received directly from us.

So if you can, don't join the LG ship; at sea, it can be months."

JN added that if you choose a local ship job, the maximum time to go to sea is 20

days. "If you join a local ship, a squid boat, for example, a maximum of 20 days at sea. I

am a badong boat, to look for crabs, usually four days at sea. But if my summer is 10-15

days at sea, it used to be 20 days at most. Landing is a 5-day holiday. I just left again. But

if there is much unemployment in winter, at most, go to the sea for four days, and then

there is a week of unemployment because the weather is not friendly. For example, if

there is a typhoon, the employer is reportedly told to go home from the ship. If you don't

go home, your employer will even find you. Indeed, a thumbs up for Taiwan, obeying the

law, is yes if you use an official or a local ship."

Overall, this study's results show that Taiwanese migrant crew members use various

adaptation strategies to deal with the risks they face on fishing vessels. Although the

working conditions and work environment are often challenging, with awareness of risks

and efforts to adapt, migrant crew members can strengthen their resilience and improve

their workplace well-being.

Conclusion

First of all, the risks faced by migrant crew members on Taiwanese fishing vessels

are highly varied and complex. These risks include heavy workloads, hazardous work

environments, health problems, and forced labor exploitation. The heavy workload is

mainly seen from the long working hours, heavy physical tasks, and the lack of rest

facilities. Dangerous working environments include unpredictable sea conditions and a

need for more health facilities. Health issues are also a significant concern, with limited

access to proper medical care and a work environment that may threaten the physical and

mental health of migrant crew members.

Second, migrant crew members use various adaptation strategies to overcome these

risks. These strategies include a more effective division of labor, the better use of

technology or equipment to reduce physical burdens, and the fight for decent work rights.

Adaptation Strategy of Migrant Crew on Taiwanese Fishing Vessels

Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2863

An essential adaptation strategy is choosing an official route at the beginning of departure.

The official channel provides more apparent legal protection and working rights for

migrant crew members and guarantees better facilities and working conditions on

Taiwanese fishing vessels. However, despite the various adaptation strategies that have

been carried out, the challenges faced by migrant crew members remain significant.

Therefore, further efforts are needed to raise awareness of the importance of the welfare

and employment rights of migrant crew members, as well as strengthen their protection

of them in often challenging and high-risk work environments. Through a better

understanding of risks and effective adaptation strategies, it is hoped that a safer,

healthier, and fairer work environment can be created for migrant crew members in the

future.

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Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2864

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