p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254
Vol. 5, No. 6 June 2024 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2753
The Influence of Structure Height and Use of Shear Walls on
the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures
Muhammad Fauzan Hanif
1*
, Rosidawani
2
, Siti Aisyah Nurjannah
3
, Hanafiah
4
Universitas Sriwijaya Palembang, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
1*
3
*Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Keywords:
Seismic Performance;
Structural Stability;
Dual System.
Bengkulu is one of the areas prone to earthquakes. The
application of earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete
buildings is essential to minimize lateral forces due to
earthquakes. The reinforced concrete structural system
commonly used to withstand these lateral forces is a dual
system using shear walls. Shear walls are structural elements
that enhanced rigidity and resist lateral loads caused by
earthquakes. In addition, the structure's height will affect the
load acting on the structure and the dimensions of the
planned structural elements. This study aims to analyze the
influence of structural height and the use of shear walls on
the behavior of reinforced concrete building structures. The
analysis in this study used spectrum response method
analysis with the help of the ETABS application. The results
show that the use of shear walls increases the structure’s
stiffness at lower levels, and and as the height of the structure
increases, the period of the structure, the primary shear force,
the story drift, and P-delta effects also increase.
Introduction
Indonesia is a country with a high risk of earthquakes due to its location on the
Eurasian, Indo-Australian, and Pacific plates. Bengkulu Province is one of the regions in
Indonesia that is prone to earthquakes because it is located in a subduction zone that meets
two tectonic plates, namely the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. Based on
data from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), Bengkulu
has a high intensity of earthquakes. Several large-scale earthquakes in Bengkulu caused
extensive damage to buildings, causing fatalities in 2000 and 2007 with magnitudes of
7.3 and 7.9 (Baihaqi & Pujiastuti, 2023). The dangers and adverse effects of earthquakes
highlight the necessity for infrastructure development in Bengkulu using earthquake-
resistant building design methods to minimize damage and prevent significant losses,
especially casualties (Effendi, Wesli, Chandra, & Akbar, 2017).
A shear wall is a commonly used lateral reinforcement system in reinforced
concrete structures. Reinforced concrete shear walls are commonly used because of their
lateral load-bearing capacity and their rigidity in resisting forces due to earthquakes
Muhammad Fauzan Hanif, Rosidawani, Siti Aisyah Nurjannah, Hanafiah
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2754
(Kheyroddin, Arabsarhangi, Shabani, & Kioumarsi, 2022). In designing building
structures using a dual system, shear wall placement must be done appropriately to be
used optimally. The placement of shear walls with symmetrical designs can produce
smaller internal forces than asymmetrical shear wall designs; this is a consideration for
the placement of symmetrical shear walls as a safe and stable building design for use
(Saputro, Umam, & Rahmawati, 2020). In addition, shear walls will affect the rigidity of
the structure. The greater the rigidity of the structure, the more the deviation that occurs
in the structure will be reduced. The stiffness is influenced by the distance between the
center of mass and the shear wall; the farther the distance, the greater the rigidity of the
building structure (Andalas, 2016).
A dual system, namely a combination of a frame system bearing a special moment
bearer and a shear wall, can be used to optimize the performance of building structures.
Shear walls have been widely used in medium and high-rise buildings (Cando, Hube,
Parra, & Arteta, 2020). Based on the description and considerations, this study aims to
determine the structure's response due to the influence of the structure's height and the
use of shear walls designed in the Bengkulu City area.
Method
The stages of research are made to make it easier to understand the stages to be
carried out in this research. The research steps are succinctly depicted in the research flow
chart shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Research Flow Chart
Structure Design
Start
Structural Design
Structural Analysis
(Response spectrum)
Structural
Response
Detailing Reinforcement
Conclusion
Finished
Study of Literature
The Influence of Structure Height and Use of Shear Walls on the Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2755
1. Primary Beam
2. Secondary Beam
3. Column
4. Shear Wall
Figures
Information
This study involves structural design to determine the structural plan, the size of
the structural elements, and the quality of the materials used. The provisions of SNI
2847:2019 carry out the determination by considering the working expenses (Liando,
Dapas, & Wallah, 2020). The results will be modeled with the help of ETABS software
(Lou et al., 2021). The structural plan image in this study can be seen in Figure 2.2, and
the structure's height variation can be seen in Table 1 and Figure 2. This study uses three
height variations.
Figure 2 Structural Plan
Table 1
Height of Structure
Structure Data
Height
Unit
Height Between Story
3,8
m
Total Height of 5-Story Building Model
19
m
Total Height of 10- Story Building Model
38
m
Total Height of 15- Story Building Model
57
m
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3
Variation in Structure Height (A) 5 Story, (B) 10 Story, (C) 15 Story
Structure Analysis
3500
700 700 700 700 700
3500
700
700
700
700
700
(cm)
(cm)
Muhammad Fauzan Hanif, Rosidawani, Siti Aisyah Nurjannah, Hanafiah
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2756
This study's structural analysis used spectrum response analysis (Seo, Hu, &
Davaajamts, 2015). This analysis was done with the help of ETABS software (Lou et al.,
2021). The structural analysis in this study uses the SNI 1727:2020 loading reference
regarding minimum design loads and related criteria for buildings and other structures, as
well as loading planning guidelines for houses and buildings in 1987 (Nurjaman, n.d.). In
addition, the structural analysis refers to SNI 1726: 2019 concerning planning procedures
for structural earthquake resistance of buildings and non-buildings.
Seismic Loads
The design seismic load uses a spectrum response that refers to SNI 1726:2019. This
research was designed in the Bengkulu City area with hard soil conditions and a risk
category IV structure. The results of the hard ground spectrum response are shown in
Figure 4, with seismic design category D. Apart from the spectrum response, additional
analysis data is required according to the requirements shown in Table 2.
Figure 4
Spectrum Response Curve
Table 2
Seismic Parameters of Structural Analysis
Seismic Parameters
Symbol
Value
Importance Factor
1.5
Response Modification Coefficient
R
7
Overstrength factor
Ω0
2,5
Deflection Amplification Factor
Cd
5.5
In this research, the building was designed as a hospital building which was designed on
the hard soil of Bengkulu City. In addition, the building in this study was designed using
a dual system so that the response modification coefficient, system strength factor, and
deflection enlargement factor were obtained as shown in Table 2.
0,000
0,200
0,400
0,600
0,800
1,000
1,200
1,400
0,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
Percepatan Spektra
Periode
The Influence of Structure Height and Use of Shear Walls on the Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2757
Loading Combination
The structural design analysis in this study is designed to determine the effect of
seismic or earthquake load. Therefore, combinations of loads on the influence by seismic
loads must be considered. The most decisive influence of seismic load should be
reviewed, but it does not need to be considered simultaneously with wind load. Based on
SNI 1726:2019, the combination of loads used in this study are listed as follows:
1. 1,4 D
2. 1,2 D + 1,6 L
3. 1,440 D + 1,0 L + 0,390 Ex + 1,300 Ex
4. 1,440 D + 1,0 L + 0,390 Ex - 1,300 Ey
5. 1,440 D + 1,0 L - 0,390 Ex + 1,300 Ex
6. 1,440 D + 1,0 L - 0,390 Ex - 1,300 Ex
7. 1,440 D + 1,0 L + 1,300 Ex + 0,390 Ex
8. 1,440 D + 1,0 L + 1,300 Ex – 0,390 Ex
9. 1,440 D + 1,0 L - 1,300 Ex + 0,390 Ex
10. 1,440 D + 1,0 L - 1,300 Ex – 0,390 Ex
11. 0,660 D + 0,390 Ex + 1,300 Ex
12. 0,660 D + 0,390 Ex - 1,300 Ex
13. 0,660 D - 0,390 Ex + 1,300 Ex
14. 0,660 D - 0,390 Ex - 1,300 Ex
15. 0,660 D + 1,300 Ex + 0,390 Ex
16. 0,660 D + 1,300 Ex – 0,390 Ex
17. 0,660 D - 1,300 Ex + 0,390 Ex
18. 0,660 D - 1,300 Ex – 0,390 Ex
.
Checking and Results of Structural Analysis
This study will present the structural analysis results in the form of structural
periods, elemental shear forces, intersections, P-delta influences, and reinforcement of
structural elements. The Determination of structural response refers to SNI 1726:2019,
while reinforcement refers to SNI 2847:2020.
Story Drift
The story drift is symbolized as ∆, and its value is determined by the provisions of
Article 7.8.6 in SNI 1726:2019. The deviation of the center of mass at the-x level
symbolizes as δ
x
must be determined by Equation P.1. In addition, the story drift must not
exceed the story drift limit, symbolized as
, which is 0,1 times the height between
stories.
........................................................................................................................................... (P.1)
Effects of P-delta
The higher the structure and buildings with a more significant number of stories
will experience the possibility of more significant P-delta influence (Rao, Janardhan, &
Narasaiah, 2022). Thus, the P-delta needs to be checked. Based on article 7.8.7 SNI
1726:2019, P-delta effect on the shear rate and moment, the force and moment of the
resulting structural elements, and the resulting story drift, need not be taken into account
if the denoted stability coefficient as determined by equation P.2 is equal to or less than
0,10.
Muhammad Fauzan Hanif, Rosidawani, Siti Aisyah Nurjannah, Hanafiah
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2754
=
.......................................................................................................... (P.2)
Results and Discussion
Structure Period
The structure's height will affect the magnitude of the period of the structure. The
higher the structure, the longer the period of the structure will be. This is because the
period of the structure is affected by mass and stiffness (Pratama, Putri, & Santoso, 2021).
The results of the structure periods for buildings of 5, 10, and 15-story are shown in
Table 3.
Table 3
Structure Period
Symbol
Value
Unit
5-Story
10-Story
15-Story
T
x
0,47
1,13
1,94
second
T
y
0,47
1,13
1,94
second
The results show that the structure period of a15-story buildings is greater than that
of 10- and 5-story buildings. According to Table 3.1, the period of a 10-story building
increased by 140% compared to the period of a 5-story building structure and the period
of a 15-story building structure increased by 71.68% compared to the period of a 10-story
building structure. In addition, the periods of the structure in the x and y directions are
equal. This happens because the analyzed building structure has a symmetrical structural
plan.
Base Shear
The use of shear walls can cause the primary shear force to be greater due to the
period of the small structure. However, shear walls can be more efficient to reduce the
dimensions of the structural elements and reinforcement to be used. In addition, the
dimensions of structural elements also affect the value of the shear force of the structure
(Nursani & Noor, 2023). The results of the shear force fot 5, 10, and 15-story building
structures are shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Base Shear
Base
Shear
Value
Unit
5-Story
10-Story
15-Story
V
x
13821,79
14626,37
18203,39
kN
V
y
13821,79
14626,37
18203,39
kN
According to SNI 1726:2019, the shear force results of dynamic analysis using
spectrum response must be at least 100% of the primary shear force of equivalent static
The Influence of Structure Height and Use of Shear Walls on the Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2755
analysis so that the seismic response coefficient and the effective weight of the structure
influence the magnitude of this shear force. The results show that the shear force value in
15-story buildings is better than that of 10- and 5-story buildings.
Story Drift
Buildings with higher column and beam sizes show lower deviation and
displacement values (Shoaei, Orimi, & Zahrai, 2018). However, the use of shear walls
can reduce the size of structural elements and increase the rigidity of the structure, so the
value of deviation and displacement of the structure can decrease compared to structures
without shear walls. The results of deviations between levels in this study are presented
in Tables 5 to 7 and Figures 5 and 6.
Table 5
Story Drift of 5-Story Building
Story
Displacement
Elastic
Displacement
h
Story Drift
δx
δy
δex
δey
Δx
Δy
Δa
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
5
20,00
20,00
4,55
4,56
3800,00
16,70
16,70
38,00
4
15,45
15,45
5,02
5,02
3800,00
18,42
18,41
38,00
3
10,42
10,42
4,66
4,66
3800,00
17,08
17,08
38,00
2
5,76
5,76
3,78
3,78
3800,00
13,86
13,86
38,00
1
1,98
1,98
1,98
1,98
3800,00
7,27
7,27
38,00
Table 6
Story Drift of 10-Story Building
Story
Displacement
Elastic
Displacement
h
Story Drift
δx
δy
δex
δey
Δx
Δy
Δa
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
10
49,49
49,49
5,38
5,38
3800,00
19,74
19,74
38,00
9
44,11
44,11
6,01
6,01
3800,00
22,04
22,04
38,00
8
38,10
38,10
6,24
6,24
3800,00
22,87
22,87
38,00
7
31,86
31,86
6,19
6,19
3800,00
22,68
22,68
38,00
6
25,67
25,67
5,97
5,97
3800,00
21,89
21,89
38,00
5
19,70
19,70
5,59
5,59
3800,00
20,51
20,51
38,00
4
14,11
14,11
5,03
5,03
3800,00
18,45
18,45
38,00
3
9,08
9,08
4,28
4,27
3800,00
15,68
15,67
38,00
2
4,80
4,80
3,25
3,25
3800,00
11,91
11,91
38,00
1
1,55
1,55
1,55
1,55
3800,00
5,69
5,69
38,00
Table 7
Story Drift of 15-Story Building
Muhammad Fauzan Hanif, Rosidawani, Siti Aisyah Nurjannah, Hanafiah
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2756
Story
Displacement
Elastic
Displacement
h
Story Drift
δx
δy
δex
δey
Δx
Δy
Δa
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
15
86,17
86,17
6,34
6,34
3800,00
23,24
23,24
38,00
14
79,83
79,83
6,76
6,76
3800,00
24,77
24,77
38,00
13
73,07
73,07
7,00
7,00
3800,00
25,65
25,66
38,00
12
66,08
66,08
7,06
7,06
3800,00
25,90
25,90
38,00
11
59,01
59,01
7,03
7,03
3800,00
25,78
25,78
38,00
10
51,98
51,98
6,94
6,94
3800,00
25,45
25,45
38,00
9
45,04
45,04
6,81
6,81
3800,00
24,96
24,96
38,00
8
38,24
38,24
6,62
6,62
3800,00
24,27
24,27
38,00
7
31,62
31,62
6,37
6,37
3800,00
23,34
23,34
38,00
6
25,25
25,25
6,02
6,02
3800,00
22,07
22,07
38,00
5
19,23
19,23
5,56
5,56
3800,00
20,39
20,38
38,00
4
13,67
13,67
4,97
4,97
3800,00
18,21
18,21
38,00
3
8,70
8,71
4,20
4,19
3800,00
15,39
15,38
38,00
2
4,51
4,51
3,11
3,11
3800,00
11,39
11,40
38,00
1
1,40
1,40
1,40
1,40
3800,00
5,13
5,15
38,00
Figure 5
Graph of Story Drift (X)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40
Story
Story Drift
Story Drift
Limit
Story Drift
5L (X)
Story Drift
10L (X)
Story Drift
15L (X)
The Influence of Structure Height and Use of Shear Walls on the Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2757
Figure 6
Graph of Story Drift (Y)
Based on the graph depicting the story drift in the x and y direction levels, it is
evident that the higher the structure, the greater the story drift that occur. This shows that
building structures with a lower height using shear walls have greater rigidity than taller
structures. In addition, the designs of 5, 10, and 15-story structures all meet the
requirements of SNI provisions that the story drift must not exceed the value of the story
drift limit by 0.01h as stipulated in Article 7.12.1.1 of SNI 1726:2019.
Effects of P-Delta
The P-delta effects needs to be considered in the analysis of the session structure of
SNI 1726:2019 requirements—results of P-delta effects on this study, as shown in Figures
7 and 8.
Figure 7
Graph of P-Delta Effects (X)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40
Story
Story Drift
Story Drift
Limit
Story Drift
5L (Y)
Story Drift
10L (Y)
Story Drift
15L (Y)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150
Story
Stability Coefficient (X)
P-Delta Effetcs
Limit
Stability
Coefficient Limit
Stability
Coefficient 5L
(X)
Stability
Coefficient 10L
(X)
Stability
Coefficient 15 L
(X)
Muhammad Fauzan Hanif, Rosidawani, Siti Aisyah Nurjannah, Hanafiah
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2758
Figure 8
Graph of P-Delta Effects (Y)
The design of 5, 10, and 15-story buildings can be seen from the values on the Table
and Graph of P-delta effects that meets the requirements of Article 7.8.7 SNI 1726:2019.
Based on the data above, it can be seen that the limit value of P-Delta influence is less
than the limit value of structural stability. Moreover, the value of the structural stability
coefficient in 5, 10, and 15-story buildings has a value that does not meet the requirements
of the P-Delta influence limit and structural stability. Therefore, in the analysis to obtain
the value of forces in structural elements and deviations between levels, there is no need
to consider the influence of P-Delta.
Reinforcement results
The results of the recapitulation of the reinforcement of structural element, as
shown in Tables 8 to 12, are obtained from the calculation of structural elements based
on the force output in the maximum structural element using ETABS and calculated
according to the requirements for concrete reinforcement as specified in SNI 2847:2019
concerning structural concrete requirements for buildings.
Table 8
The Results of The Reinforcement Design of Primary Beam Elements
Primary Beam Reinforcement
5-Story
(60/30)
10-Story
(65/35)
15-Story
(65/35)
Value
Value
Value
Longitudinal Upper Focus
5D19
6D19
6D19
Longitudinal Central Focus
2D10
4D13
4D16
Longitudinal Bottom Focus
3D19
4D19
4D19
Longitudinal Upper Field
3D19
4D19
4D19
Longitudinal Midfield
2D10
4D13
4D16
Lower Field Longitudinal
3D19
4D19
4D19
Focus dash
2D10-100
2D10-80
2D10-100
Field dash
2D10-170
2D10-220
2D10-220
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15
Story
Stability Coefficient (Y)
Batas Pengaruh
P-Delta
Stability
Coefficient Limit
Stability
Coefficient 5L
(Y)
Stability
Coefficient 10L
(Y)
Stability
Coefficient 15L
(Y)
The Influence of Structure Height and Use of Shear Walls on the Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2759
Table 9
The Results of The Reinforcement Design of Secondary Beam Elements
Secondary Beam
Reinforcement
5-Story
(50/30)
10-Story
(50/30)
15-Story
(50/30)
Value
Value
Value
Longitudinal Upper Focus
3D19
3D19
4D19
Longitudinal Central Focus
2D10
2D10
2D13
Longitudinal Bottom Focus
2D19
2D19
2D19
Longitudinal Upper Field
2D19
2D19
2D19
Longitudinal Midfield
2D10
2D10
2D13
Lower Field Longitudinal
2D19
2D19
2D19
Focus dash
2D10-100
2D10-100
2D10-100
Field dash
2D10-150
2D10-150
2D10-150
Table 10
The Results of The Reinforcement Design of Column Elements
Column Reinforcement
5-Story
(65/65)
10-Story
(90/90)
15-Story
(115/115)
Value
Value
Value
Longitudinal
20D22
28D22
32D25
Focus dash
4D13-90
6D13-110
6D13-100
Field dash
2D13-130
2D13-130
2D13-130
Table 11
The Results of The Reinforcement Design of Plate Elements
Plate Reinforcement
5-Story
(13 cm)
10-Story
(13cm)
15-Story
(13cm)
Value
Value
Value
Bottom Midspan
Reinforcement, axis 1 (X)
D10-200
D10-200
D10-200
Top Support Reinforcement,
axis 1 (X)
D10-200
D10-200
D10-200
Bottom Midspan
Reinforcement, axis 2 (Y
D10-200
D10-200
D10-200
Top Support Reinforcement,
axis 2 (Y)
D10-200
D10-200
D10-200
Minimum reinforcement
D10-200
D10-200
D10-200
Muhammad Fauzan Hanif, Rosidawani, Siti Aisyah Nurjannah, Hanafiah
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2024 2760
Table 12
The Results of The Reinforcement Design of Shear Wall Elements
Shear Wall Rebar
5-Story
(30 cm)
10-Story
(35cm)
15-Story
(35cm)
Value
Value
Value
Longitudinal Boundary Element
20D25
28D25
32D25
Transverse (Wide Aligned)
5 D13-100
5 D13-100
6 D13-100
Transverse (Long Parallel)
5 D13-100
5 D13-100
6 D13-100
Longitudinal Shear Wall
2 D22-75
2 D22-100
2 D25-75
Transverse
2 D19-250
2 D19-250
2 D19-220
Confinement EBK
2 D13-100
2 D13-120
2 D13-80
Based on this recapitulation, it is shown that there is an increase in the number of
reinforcements 5, 10, and 15-story buildings. Results showed that the 15-story building
had more reinforcement on columns and shear walls. The recapitulation of reinforcement
shows that the higher the structure and the weight of the structural mass, the more
significant internal forces on structural elements will be. In addition, the cross-section of
structural elements, especially columns, will be more significant in order to withstand the
load that occurs. This is also supported by the column function, which transfer the load
from all structural elements to the foundation of the structure. This is reinforced by the
internal forces that occur in the columns and shear walls getting more prominent as the
height of the designed building structure increases. Beam reinforcement in 10 and 15-
story buildings is greater compared to 5-story buildings. This is due to the internal forces
that occurs more significantly as the height of the building structure is designed.
Conclusion
The results of this analysis show an increase in the structural period of a 10-story
building by 140% compared to the period of a 5-story building structure and an increase
of 71.68% in the period of a 15-story building structure compared to the period of a 10-
story building structure. Structures with lower heights exhibit greater structural rigidity
than taller structures. However, taller structures show an upward trend in structural
response, including the structural period, elemental shear forces, story drift and the
influence of P-delta, and an increase in the dimensions of the required structural elements
and reinforcement. This is due to the increase in structural mass and load that occurs in
taller buildings and the stiffer strength of structures in shorter structures.
The Influence of Structure Height and Use of Shear Walls on the Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Building Structures
Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, Vol. 5, No. 6, Juny 2024 2761
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